Cathedral And Metropolitan Church Of Saint Stephen And All Saints, Vienna, Austria. (Part One).

English: 

Cathedral and Metropolitan Church of 

Saint Stephen and All Saints, Vienna, Austria.

Deutsch: 

Dom-und-Metropolitankirche zu 

Sankt Stephan und allen Heiligen, 

Wien, Österreich.

Photo: 8 October 2017.

Source: Own work.

This File is licensed under the 

Creative Commons Attribution-

Share Alike 4.0 International licence.

Author: C.Stadler/Bwag

(Wikimedia Commons)

English:

His Eminence Christoph Schönborn OP.

Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Vienna.

Português: Cardeal Christoph Schönborn

na eleição da Conferência Episcopal Austríaca.

Photo: 15 June 2020.

Source:

File:Bischofskonferenz,_kathpress.at,

_Dr._Paul_Wuthe.jpg

This File is licensed under the

Creative Commons Attribution-

Share Alike 4.0 International licence.

Author: Mureccles

(Wikimedia Commons)

Text from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia, unless stated otherwise.

Saint Stephen’s Cathedral is a Roman Catholic Church in Vienna, Austria, and the Mother Church of the Archdiocese of Vienna.

It was the Seat of the Archbishop Emeritus of Vienna, Christoph Schönborn.

The New Organ,

Saint Stephen’s Cathedral, Vienna.

Bach: Toccata.

Played by: Konstantin Reymaier.

Available on YouTube

HERE

The current Romanesque and Gothic form of the Cathedral, seen today in the Stephansplatz, was largely initiated by Duke Rudolf IV (1339 – 1365) and stands on the ruins of two earlier Churches, the first a Parish Church Consecrated in 1147. 

The most important Religious building in Vienna, Saint Stephen’s Cathedral has borne witness to many important events in Habsburg and Austrian history and has, with its multi-coloured tile roof, become one of the City’s most recognisable symbols. It has 256 stairs from the top to the bottom [1]

By the middle of the 12th-Century, Vienna had become an important centre of German civilisation, and the four existing Churches, including only one Parish Church, no longer met the Town’s Religious needs.

English:

South Tower and the shorter North Tower,

along with the Roof Tiles mosaic.

Deutsch: Nordostansicht des Stephansdomes in der österreichischen Bundeshauptstadt Wien.

Date: 3 August 2014.

Source: Own work.

Accreditation:

© C.Stadler/Bwag; CC-BY-SA-4.0.

Author: C.Stadler/Bwag

(Wikimedia Commons)

In 1137, Bishop of Passau Reginmar and Margrave Leopold IV signed the Treaty of Mautern, which referred to Vienna as a “Civitas” for the first time and transferred Saint Peter’s Church to the Diocese of Passau.

Under the Treaty, Margrave Leopold IV also received from the Bishop extended stretches of land beyond the City walls, with the notable exception of the territory allocated for the new Parish Church, which would eventually become Saint Stephen’s Cathedral.

Although previously believed built in an open field outside 

the City walls, the new Parish Church was likely built on an ancient Cemetery dating to Ancient Roman times; excavations for a heating system in 2000 revealed graves 2.5 metres 

(8.2 ft) below the surface, which were carbon-dated to the 

4th-Century A.D.

This discovery suggests that an even older Religious building on this site predated Saint Rupert’s Church, which is considered the oldest Church in Vienna.

English: Roof of Saint Stephen’s Cathedral, Vienna.

Deutsch: Die nordseitigen Wappen am Albertinischen Chordach des Stephansdoms in der österreichischen Bundeshauptstadt Wien.

Date: 10 October 2017.

Source: Own work.

Accreditation:

© C.Stadler/Bwag; CC-BY-SA-4.0.

Author: C.Stadler/Bwag

(Wikimedia Commons)

PART TWO FOLLOWS.

Sir John Ninian Comper (1864 – 1960). Scottish Gothic-Revival Architect.

Saint Mary The Virgin,

Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England.

Sir John Ninian Comper designed this Church. The Church is little more than a Century old and was designed by the 

highly-regarded architect, Sir Ninian Comper. The Church 

is extremely ornate, but never vulgar, and the Golds and Blues blend in perfectly well with the local Deep Golden Stone. 

The Church is in the Anglo-Catholic Tradition

of the Church of England.

Image: ST MARY THE VIRGIN, WELLINGBOROUGH

Text and Illustrations from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia,

unless otherwise stated.

Sir John Ninian Comper (1864 – 1960) was a Scottish-born architect. He was one of the last of the great Gothic Revival architects, noted for his Churches and their furnishings. 

He is well-known for his Stained Glass, his use of colour and his subtle integration of Classical and Gothic elements, which he described as “unity by inclusion”.

Comper was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, the eldest of five children of Ellen Taylor, of Hull, and the Reverend John Comper, Rector of St John's, Aberdeen (and, later, St Margaret of Scotland). 

He was educated at Glenalmond School, in Perthshire, and attended a year at the Ruskin School of Art in Oxford. On moving to London, he was Articled to Charles Eamer Kempe, and, later, to George Frederick Bodley and Thomas Garner. 

His fellow-Scot, William Bucknall, took him into partnership in London in 1888 and Ninian was married to Grace Bucknall in 1890. Bucknall and Comper remained in partnership until 1905.

Wymondham Abbey, Norfolk, England.

Reredos, Tester and Rood Figures by Sir Ninian Comper. Comper’s Reredos (Altar Screen) is an Early-20th- Century re-creation of a Mediæval East Anglian Style.

Photo: 2 May 2023.

Source: Own work.

This File is made available under the 

Creative Commons CC0 

1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

Author: Abbeygarth.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Sir John Ninian Comper’s Ecclesiastical commissions include:

A line of Windows in the North Wall of the Nave of Westminster Abbey;

Saint Peter’s Parish Church, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. The Baldachino/Ciborium, High Altar and Great East Window, in memory of the Dead of The Great War;

Saint Mary’s, Wellingborough;

Saint Michael and All Angels, Inverness;

Lady Chapel at Downside Abbey, Somerset;

The Ciborium, and House Chapel extension, for the Society of Saint John the Evangelist, in Oxford (now Saint Stephen's House, Oxford);

Saint Cyprian's, Clarence Gate, London;

Lady Chapel at Saint Matthew's, Westminster;

Lady Chapel and Gilded Paintings in the Chancel of All Saints, Margaret Street, London.

All Saints’ Church, Margaret Street, London.

Sir John Ninian Comper executed much work in The Lady Chapel and on Gilded Paintings in the Chancel of this Church.

Photo: 18 March 2014.

Source: Own work.

Attribution: Photo by DAVID ILIFF. 

Licence:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

This File is licensed under the 

Creative Commons Attribution-

Share Alike 3.0 Unported licence.

Author: Diliff.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Comper is noted for re-introducing the “English Altar”, an Altar surrounded by Riddel Posts. Images, and documentary mentions of early examples [of Ciboria], often have Curtains, called Tetravela, hung between the Columns; these Altar-Curtains were used to cover, and then reveal, the view of the Altar by the Congregation at points during Services — exactly which points varied, and is often unclear. 

Altar-Curtains survived the decline of the Ciborium in both East and West, and in English are often called “Riddels” (from the French, “Rideau”; a word once also used for ordinary domestic Curtains).

A few Churches have “Riddle Posts”, or “Riddel Posts”, around the Altar, which supported the Curtain-Rails, and perhaps a Cloth stretched above.

Such an arrangement can be seen in Folio 199v of the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry. 

Late-Mediæval examples in Northern Europe were often topped by Angels, and the Posts, but not the Curtains, were revived in some new or refitted Anglo-Catholic Churches by Ninian Comper and others around 1900.

In earlier periods, the Curtains were closed at the most Solemn part of the Mass, a practice that continues to the present day in the Coptic and Armenian Churches. 

A comparison to the Biblical Veil of the Temple was intended. The small domed structures, usually with Red Curtains, that are often shown near the Writing Saint in early Evangelist portraits, especially in the East, represent a Ciborium, as do the structures surrounding many Manuscript portraits of Mediæval Rulers.]

Photograph of Charles Eamer Kempe.

Date: 1860.

Source: 

Peter Fairweather 

(original source/deadlink)

London Remembers 

(current source)

Author: Unknown.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Upon moving to London, John Ninian Comper was Articled to Charles Eamer Kempe (29 June 1837 – 29 April 1907). Kempe was a Victorian Stained Glass designer and manufacturer. 

His studios produced over 4,000 Windows and also designs 

for Altars and Altar Frontals, Furniture and Furnishings, Lichgates and Memorials, that helped to define a later 

19th-Century Anglican Style. 

The list of English Cathedrals containing examples 

of his work includes: Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, 

Lichfield, Wells, Winchester, York.

Altar Frontal (Antependium) designed by Charles Eamer Kempe. Upon moving to London, John Ninian Comper was Articled to Charles Eamer Kempe.

Illustration: MEDIEVAL CHURCH ART

Altar Frontal (Antependium) designed by Charles Eamer Kempe. Upon moving to London, John Ninian Comper was Articled to Charles Eamer Kempe.

Illustration: MEDIEVAL CHURCH ART

Altar Frontal (Antependium) designed by Charles Eamer Kempe. Upon moving to London, John Ninian Comper was Articled to Charles Eamer Kempe.

Illustration: MEDIEVAL CHURCH ART

Altar Frontal (Antependium) designed by Charles Eamer Kempe. Upon moving to London, John Ninian Comper was Articled to Charles Eamer Kempe.

Illustration: MEDIEVAL CHURCH ART

Comper designed a number of remarkable Altar Screens (Reredos), inspired by Mediæval originals. Wymondham Abbey, Norfolk, has one of the finest examples.

Only one major Ecclesiastical work of Comper’s is in the United States; the Leslie Lindsey Chapel of Boston’s Emmanuel Episcopal Church. 

The work is an all-encompassing product of, and testimony to, Comper’s design capability, comprising the entire decorative scheme of the Chapel, designed by the architectural firm of Allen & Collins. 

Comper designed its Altar, Altar Screen, Pulpit, Lectern, dozens of Statues, all its Furnishings and Appointments, and most notably the Stained Glass Windows. 

The Chapel commemorates Leslie Lindsey and Stewart Mason, her husband of ten days, who were married at Emmanuel Church, and perished when the Lusitania was torpedoed in 1915.

Sir John Ninian Comper’s Rood Screen,

Saint John the Baptist Church,

Lound, Nottinghamshire, England.

Photo: 24 September 2009.

Source: From geograph.org.uk.

Author: Evelyn Simak.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Saint John the Baptist’s Church 1507412 - 1507426 , in Lound, is widely known as the “Golden Church”; its fame originating from the generosity of Father Booth Lyes, a past Rector, who employed Sir Ninian Comper’s genius to restore it. 

The Round Tower 1507419 - the oldest part of the Church 

and believed to be Early-Norman - was probably rebuilt 

at some later time. 

The Church was extensively restored in 1912 - 1913. The 

High Altar 1507434 was raised on new flooring, and richly-decorated Posts, surmounted by gilded Bronze Angels, and Support Curtains of Spanish Silk.

Below the Altar, Ninian Comper’s magnificent Rood Screen 

is adjoined at the South End by the Altar of Our Lady, 

above which Saint Mary Salome, Saint Mary the Virgin, and Saint Elizabeth, are depicted on boards with richly-gilded gesso backgrounds 1507432. 

By Comper is also the only modern Wall Painting in 

Suffolk, depicting a Saint Christopher 1507439: The Saint 

is surrounded by a Water Mill, with a Suffolk Punch horse 

and its rider, waiting patiently in front of it, and a portrait of Sir Ninian driving his Rolls Royce along the River Bank. The airplane, at top right, was added during the 1964 restoration of the painting.

The Organ Case 1507447, at the West End of the Church, 

was installed in 1913. The Organ was built by Harrison & Harrison Ltd, of Durham.

The original Norman Font Bowl now serves as a base for the Pulpit. The present Octagonal Font 1507445 - given in 1389 by Robert Bertelot - is of the Traditional East Anglian type and the inscription commemorating the donor is still legible. 

Saint John the Baptist’s Church has a “Welcome’ 

banner above the South Doorway and is open every day.

Saint Mary The Virgin Church,

Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England.

One of Sir John Ninian Comper’s masterpieces of creation.

Image: ST MARY THE VIRGIN, WELLINGBOROUGH

From 1912, Ninian and Grace lived in London at The Priory, Beulah Hill, a house designed by Decimus Burton (1800–1881), where he entertained friends such as John Betjeman. 

He had a studio nearby at Knights Hill, close to the world’s first Gothic Cemetery at West Norwood.

After the studio was destroyed in World War II, it was relocated to a building in his garden, which had previously been used by his son, Nicholas Comper (1897–1939), to design aircraft. Sir John Ninian Comper was Knighted by King George VI in 1950.

On 22 December 1960, he died in The Hostel of God (now Trinity Hospice) in Clapham, London. His body was brought back to Norwood for cremation at West Norwood Cemetery. His ashes were then interred beneath the windows he designed in Westminster Abbey.

Saint Romanus. Martyr. Feast Day 9 August. Red Vestments.

Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless stated otherwise.

Saint Romanus.
   Martyr.
   Feast Day 9 August.

Simple.

Red Vestments.

Saint Romanus. Died circa 258 A.D.

Sculptor - Lazzaro Morelli.

This statue is part of a group of twenty-four statues that 

were placed on the Colonnade, above Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome, between September 1662 and March 1667. In total, 

there are now 140 statues on the Colonnade.

This Holy Soldier is represented in an attitude identical to that of Saint Dionysus, another statue on the Colonnade, although in reverse. His Left Hand is raised toward Saint Stephen, his Right-Hand holds the Palm of Martyrdom.

The Roman Martyrology 2004 states: “ A Martyr in

the Catacomb of Saint Laurence on the Via Tiburtina, 

circa 258 A.D.” So it is thought that he was Martyred in the same Persecution as Saint Laurence. He has been referred

to as “Romanus Ostiarius”.

Caption and Illustrations: ST. PETER'S BASILICA.INFO

The Vigil Of Saint Laurence. Martyr. 9 August. Violet Vestments.

Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless stated otherwise.

Vigil of Saint Laurence.
   Martyr.
   9 August.

Violet Vestments.

Mass: Dispérsit.

Saint Laurence distributing 

“The Treasures of The Church”.

Artist: Bernardo Strozzi.

Date: Circa 1625.

Source: GOOGLE ART PROJECT

Author: Bernardo Strozzi (1581–1644).

(Wikimedia Commons)

The following Text is from Wikipedia, the free encyclopædia, unless stated otherwise.

Saint Lawrence (or Laurence) (Latin: Laurentius, literally “Laurelled”). He was one of the seven Deacons of Rome, Italy, under Pope Sixtus II, who were Martyred in the Persecution of The Christians that the Roman Emperor, Valerian, ordered in 258 A.D.

As Deacon, in Rome, Laurence was responsible for the material goods of The Church and the distribution of Alms to the Poor.

Saint Ambrose of Milan relates that, when the Treasures of The Church were demanded of Laurence by the Prefect of Rome, he brought forward the Poor, to whom he had distributed the Treasures as Alms.

“Behold, in these poor persons, the Treasures which I promised to show you; to which I will add Pearls and Precious Stones, those Widows and Consecrated Virgins, which are The Church’s Crown.”

The Prefect was so angry, that he had a great Gridiron prepared with hot coals beneath it, and had Laurence placed on it, hence Laurence’s association with the Gridiron.

After the Martyr had suffered pain for a long time, the legend concludes, he cheerfully declared: “I’m well done on this side. Turn me over ! ”

From this, Saint Laurence derives his Patronage of Cooks, Chefs, and Comedians.

Saint John Mary Vianney. The “Curé d’Ars” (Parish Priest Of Ars, France). Confessor. Feast Day, Today, 9 August. White Vestments.

Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless stated otherwise.

Saint John Mary Vianney.
   Confessor.
   Feast Day 9 August.

Double.

White Vestments.

English: 

Stained-Glass Window of Saint John Mary Vianney.

Parish Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Jouarre, France.

Deutsch: Bleiglasfenster in der katholischen Pfarrkirche

Saint-Pierre-et-Saint Paul, Jouarre, Frankreich.

Darstellung: hl. Jean-Marie Vianney.

Photo: 30 May 2011.

Source: Own work.

Author: Reinhardhauke

(Wikimedia Commons)

John Baptist Mary Vianney was born at Dardilly, near Lyons, France, on 8 May 1786. After many difficulties, he received Holy Priesthood in August 1815. He was Parish Priest of Ars, France, for nearly forty-two years.

He became a model for all his Brethren, in The Sacerdotal Ministry, by his pastoral zeal, and by the unflagging ardour of his Prayer and Penance.

Sitting for up to sixteen hours a day in The Confessional, he healed Souls and sometimes bodies, as well. His simple Catechism Preaching touched the hearts of adults, as well as those of children. Meanwhile, he chastised his body as an Act of Reparation and Impetration for sinners.

He died on 4 August 1859. He was Beatified in 1905 by Pope Saint Pius X, who had been a Parish Priest, and Canonised by Pope Pius XI in 1925.

Mass: Os justi.
Commemoration: Vigil of Saint Laurence and Saint Romanus.

English: 

Saint John Mary Vianney.

Church of Saint Germain,

Saint-Germain-les-Belles, France.

Deutsch: Bleiglasfenster in der Kirche Saint-Germain 

in Saint-Germain-les-Belles im Département Haute-Vienne. Darstellung: hl. Jean-Marie Vianney

Photo: 28 June 2013.

Source: Own work.

Author: Reinhardhauke

(Wikimedia Commons)

Saint John Vianney.

Available on YouTube

HERE

[Editor. Note that Saint John Mary Vianney, Patron Saint of all Parish Priests, had a deep Devotion to Saint Philomena.]

Absurd Victorian Occupations.

Abbot Guéranger, O.S.B., Writes Upon Saint Cyriacus, Saint Largus, Saint Smaragdus. Martyrs. Feast Day 8 August. Red Vestments.

English: Stained-Glass Window, depicting Saint Cyriacus (Right) and Saint Pantaleon (Left), Parish Church of

Saint Pelagius, Weitnau, Bavaria, Germany.

Deutsch: Pfarrkirche St. Pelagius, Weitnau, 

Nothelferfenster, Sankt Pantaleon und Sankt Cyriacus.

Photo: September 2007.

Source: Own work.

Author: AndreasPraefcke

(Wikimedia Commons)

Text from “The Liturgical Year”.
   By: Abbot Guéranger, O.S.B.
   Volume 13.
   Time After Pentecost.
   Book IV.

Today, a precursor of Saint Laurence appears in the Cycle, the Deacon Cyriacus, whose power over the demon made Hell tremble, and entitles him to a place among the Saints called “Helpers” [Editor: See the Article on “The Fourteen Auxiliary Saints].

He and his companions in Martyrdom form one of the noblest groups of Christ’s Army in that last and decisive battle, wherein the eagerness of the Faithful to show that they knew how to die won victory for The Cross.

Rome, baptised in the blood she had shed, found herself Christian in spite of herself; all her honours were now to be lavished upon the very men whom in the time of her folly she had put to the sword.

Such are Thy triumphs , O Wisdom of God !

Mention of the three Martyrs Celebrated today is to be found in the most authentic calendars of The Church that have come down to us from the 4th-Century A.D.

If then, as Baronius acknowledges, there is some reason for calling in question certain details of the legend, their cultus is none the less immemorial upon Earth; and the unwavering devotion of which they are the objects, especially in the Sanctuaries enriched with their Holy Relics, proves that they have great power before the Throne of The Lamb.

Saint Cyriacus. Saint Largus. Saint Smaragdus. Martyrs. Feast Day 8 August. Red Vestments.

Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Saints Cyriacus, Largus, and Smaragdus.
   Martyrs.
   Feast Day 8 August.

Semi-Double.

Red Vestments.

English: Stained-Glass Window, depicting Saint Cyriacus (Right) and Saint Pantaleon (Left), Parish Church of

Saint Pelagius, Weitnau, Bavaria, Germany.

Deutsch: Pfarrkirche St. Pelagius, Weitnau, 

Nothelferfenster, Sankt Pantaleon und Sankt Cyriacus.

Photo: September 2007.

Source: Own work.

Author: AndreasPraefcke

(Wikimedia Commons)

Saint Cyriacus, a Deacon of The Roman Church under Popes Marcellinus and Marcellus, was put to death in 303 A.D. during the Persecution of Diocletian.

He had twenty-two Christian companions, who were killed with him, among whom were Largus and Smaragdus.

Saint Cyriacus is one of “The Fourteen Auxiliary Saints". See Zephyrinus's Article on 22 July 2019 HERE

Mass: Timéte Dóminum.

English: Stained-Glass Window depicting Saint Cyriacus.

Church of Saint Cyriacus, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Deutsch: Katholische Pfarrkirche, ehemalige Stiftskirche St. Cyriakus in Geseke im Kreis Soest (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Bleiglasfenster von 1909 von der Glasmalerei Carl Hertel in Düsseldorf, Darstellung: Hl. Cyriakus, Signatur: Carl Hertel Hofglasmaler Düsseldorf 1909.

Photo: 26 October 2013.

Source: Own work.

Author: GFreihalter

(Wikimedia Commons)

English: The Church of Saint Cyriacus,

Duderstadt, North Saxony, Germany.

Deutsch: St.-Cyriakus-Kirche,

Duderstadt, Niedersachsen, Deutschland.

Blick auf den Flügelaltar im Hochchor.

Photo: 28 December 2011.

Source: Own work.

Author: Andreas Hentrich

(Wikimedia Commons)

The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia.

Saint Cyriacus, together with Saints Largus and Smaragdus and others (of whom Crescentianus, Memmia and Juliana are mentioned in The Roman Martyrology), is Venerated on 

8 August. All that is known with certainty, apart from their names and the fact of their Martyrdom, is that they were buried at The Seventh Milestone of the Via Ostiensis on that date.

Saint Cyriacus is one of “The Fourteen Auxiliary Saints”.

Artist: René de Cramer.

“Copyright Brunelmar/Ghent/Belgium”.

Used with Permission.

Illustration: UNA VOCE OF ORANGE COUNTY

Blue Sky Thinking. Last Of The Summer Wine ? The Sky’s The Limit.

Blue Sky Thinking.

Last Of The Summer Wine ?

The Sky’s The Limit.

2026 Balloon Fiesta, Bristol, England.

Illustration: BBC NEWS

Westminster. Rouen. Chinon. Poitiers. The Four Centres Of Power For Henry II Plantagenet. Mediæval King Of England, 1154 – 1189. Friend And Foe Of Thomas à Becket. (Part Two).

Soundtrack from Simon Schama’s

“A History of Britain”,

which included King Henry II's reign.

Sung by Emma Kirkby (Soprano)

Music by John Harle.

Available on YouTube

HERE

Text from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia,

unless stated otherwise.

Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless Ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his Royal Grandfather, King Henry I. During the early years of the younger Henry's Reign, he restored the Royal Administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales, and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine, all in France.

Henry’s desire to reform the relationship with The Church led to conflict with his former friend, Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with King Louis VII of France, and the two Rulers fought what has been termed a "Cold War" over several decades.

Henry expanded his Empire, often at Louis’ expense, taking Brittany, and pushing East into Central France and South into Toulouse.

Despite numerous Peace Conferences and Treaties, no lasting agreement was reached. By 1172, he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the Eastern half of Ireland and the Western half of France, an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire.

Henry and Eleanor had eight children. As they grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of The Empire began to emerge, encouraged by King Louis of France and his son, King Philip II. 

In 1173, Henry’s heir apparent, “Young Henry”, rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers, Richard and Geoffrey, and by their mother, Eleanor.

France, Scotland, Flanders, and Boulogne, allied themselves with the Rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by his vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them “new men” appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry’s death.

PART THREE FOLLOWS.