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English: Church of Saint Francis de Sales, Krakow, Poland.
Polski: Kościół św. Franciszka Salezego (wnętrze), ul. Krowoderska 16, Kraków.
Photo: 17 July 2008.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
The magnates, throughout the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, competed with the kings. The monumental castle,
Krzyżtopór, built in the style
palazzo in fortezza between 1627 and 1644, had several courtyards surrounded by fortifications. Late Baroque fascination with the culture and art of the "
central nation" is reflected in
Queen Masysieńka's
Chinese Palace in
Zolochiv. 18th-Century magnate Palaces represent the characteristic type of
Baroque suburban residence built
entre cour et jardin (between the entrance court and the garden). Its architecture, a merger of European art with old Commonwealth building traditions, is visible in Wilanów Palace,
Branicki Palace in
Białystok and in Warsaw, Potocki Palace in
Radzyń Podlaski, Raczyński Palace in
Rogalin and Wiśniowiecki Palace in
Vyshnivets. Architects such as
Johann Christoph Glaubitz were instrumental in forming the so-called distinctive Vilnius Baroque style, which spread throughout the region.
Polski: Kościół św. Floriana w Krakowie.
English: Saint Florian Church in Kraków, Poland.
Photo: 4 August 2007.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
By the end of the century, Polish Baroque influences crossed the
Dnieper into the
Cossack Hetmanate, where they gave birth to a particular style of Orthodox architecture, known as the
Cossack Baroque. Such was its popular appeal, that every Medieval Church in
Kiev and the
Left-Bank Ukraine was redesigned according to the newest fashion.
A notable style of Baroque architecture emerged in the 18th-Century with the work of
Johann Christoph Glaubitz, who was assigned to rebuild the Commonwealth capital city of Vilnius. The style was therefore named "Vilnian Baroque" and Old Vilnius was named the "City of Baroque". The most notable buildings by Glaubitz in Vilnius are the Church of Saint Catherine (1743), the Church of the
Ascension (1750), the Church of Saint John, the Monastery Gate and the Towers of the Church of the Holy Trinity. The magnificent and dynamic Baroque facade of the formerly
Gothic Church of Saint John (1749) is mentioned among his best works. Many Church interiors, including the one of the
Great Synagogue of Vilna, were reconstructed by Glaubitz as well as the
Town Hall in 1769.
English: View of the Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kiev, Ukraine,
from the Saint Sophia Bell-Tower.
Français: Vue de la Cathédrale Saint-Michel au Dôme d'Or de Kiev
depuis le clocher de Sainte Sophie.
Photo: 2 July 2007.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
Notable buildings of Vilnian Baroque in other places are
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk,
Belarus (rebuilt in 1738-1765), the
Carmelite Church in
Hlybokaye,
Belarus (1735) and the Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in
Berezovichi,
Belarus (built in 1776, the 1960s and 1970s), its replica was constructed in
Białystok in the 1990s.
In Russia, Baroque architecture passed through three stages: The early
Moscow Baroque, with elegant white decorations on red-brick walls of rather traditional Churches: the mature
Petrine Baroque, mostly imported from the Low Countries: and the late
Rastrelli-esque Baroque, which was, in the words of William Brumfield, "extravagant in design and execution, yet ordered by the rhythmic insistence of massed Columns and Baroque statuary."
The first Baroque Churches were built in the estates of the
Naryshkin family of Moscow
boyars. It was the family of
Natalia Naryshkina,
Peter the Great's mother. Most notable in this category of small suburban Churches were the
Church of the Intercession, in Fili (1693 - 1696), the Holy Trinity Church, in Troitse-Lykovo (1690 - 1695), and the Church of the Saviour, in Ubory (1694–97). They were built in red
brick with profuse detailed decoration in white stone. The
belfry was not any more placed beside the Church, as was common in the 17th-Century, but on the
facade itself, usually surmounting the octagonal central Church and producing daring vertical compositions.
Photo: 17 May 2007.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
The Church of the Intercession, at Fili, Russia.
Built in 1694.
Photo: 25 April 2010.
(Wikimedia Commons)
The Church of the Intercession at Fili (Russian: Це́рковь Покрова́ в Филя́х) is a Naryshkin Baroque Church commissioned by the boyar Lev Naryshkin in his suburban estate, Fili; the territory has belonged to the City of Moscow since 1935.
As the style gradually spread around
Russia, many Monasteries were remodelled after the latest fashion. The most delightful of these were the
Novodevichy Convent and the
Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, as well as
Krutitsy metochion and Solotcha Cloister near
Riazan. Civic architecture also sought to conform to the Baroque aesthetics, e.g., the
Sukharev Tower in
Moscow, and there is also a Neo-Form of this style, like the
Principal Medicine Store on
Red Square. The most important architects associated with the Naryshkin Baroque were
Yakov Bukhvostov and
Peter Potapov.
Petrine Baroque is a name applied by art historians to a style of Baroque architecture and decoration favoured by
Peter the Great and employed to design buildings in the newly-founded Russian capital,
Saint Petersburg, under this monarch and his immediate successors. Unlike contemporaneous
Naryshkin Baroque, favoured in
Moscow, the Petrine Baroque represented a drastic rupture with Byzantine traditions that had dominated
Russian architecture for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners –
Domenico Trezzini,
Andreas Schlüter, and
Mikhail Zemtsov – drew inspiration from a rather modest Dutch, Danish, and Swedish architecture of the time. Extant examples of the style in Saint Petersburg are the
Peter and Paul Cathedral, the
Twelve Colleges, the
Kunstkamera,
Kikin Hall and
Menshikov Palace.The Petrine Baroque structures outside Saint Petersburg are scarce; they include the
Menshikov Tower in
Moscow and the
Kadriorg Palace in
Tallinn.
Interior of the Church of Saint Anne in Krakow, Poland.
Photo: 2009.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
English: The Monastery Church at Raitenhaslach, Bavaria, Germany.
Deutsch: Klosterkirche Raitenhaslach, Blick in Richtung Altar.
Photo: 30 July 2010.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
PART TEN FOLLOWS.
