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Deutsch: Papst Pius X. (eigentlich Giuseppe Sarto,
* 2. Juni 1835 in Riese (Provinz Treviso);
† 20. August 1914 in Rom) war als Nachfolger Leo XIII.
Papst von 1903 bis 1914.
English: Pope Saint Pius X, born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto,
(2 June 1835 - 20 August 1914)
was Pope from 1903 to 1914, succeeding Pope Leo XIII.
Français: Pape Pie X, né Giuseppe Sarto à Riese (Italie)
le 2 juin 1835 - mort à Rome, au Vatican le 20 août 1914),
succéda le 4 août 1903 à Léon XIII, et fut suivi par le Pape Benoît XV.
Italiano: Papa Pio X, al secolo Giuseppe Sarto
Português do Brasil: Papa São Pio X.
Photo: 22 October 2011.
Source: Vaticano.
Author: Não sei.
This image (or other media file)
because its copyright has expired.
The Modernist movement was linked especially with certain Catholic French scholars, such as
Louis Duchesne, who questioned the belief that God acts in a direct way in the affairs of humanity, and
Alfred Loisy, who denied that every line of Scripture was literally, rather than, perhaps, metaphorically, true.
In contradiction to Saint Thomas Aquinas, they argued that there was an unbridgeable gap between natural and supernatural knowledge. Its unwanted effects, from the traditional viewpoint, were relativism and scepticism. Modernism and Relativism, in terms of their presence in the Church, were theological trends that tried to assimilate modern philosophers, like
Kant, as well as Rationalism, into Catholic Theology.
Modernists argued that beliefs of the Church have evolved throughout its history and continue to evolve. Anti-Modernists viewed these notions as contrary to the Dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church.
Copyright-expired-photo of Pope Saint Pius X
(standing on the left) on 18 December, 1907, Consecrating Giacomo della Chiesa
(sitting in front of the Altar with Mitre and Crosier
Photo: 18 December 2007.
Source: Vat Photo.
Author: "G. Felici, fotografo papale";
(Wikimedia Commons)
In a Decree, entitled
Lamentabili Sane Exitu (or "A Lamentable Departure Indeed"), issued 3 July 1907, Pope Pius X formally condemned sixty-five Modernist or Relativist propositions concerning the nature of the Church,
Revelation,
Biblical Exegesis, the
Sacraments, and the Divinity of Christ. This was followed by the Encyclical
Pascendi Dominici Gregis (or "Feeding the Lord's Flock"), which characterised Modernism as the "synthesis of all Heresies."
Following these, Pope Pius X ordered that all Clerics take the
Sacrorum antistitum, an Oath against Modernism. Pope Pius X's aggressive stance against Modernism caused some disruption within the Church. Although only about 40 Clerics refused to take the Oath, Catholic scholarship with Modernistic tendencies was substantially discouraged. Theologians who wished to pursue lines of inquiry in line with Secularism, Modernism, or Relativism, had to stop, or face conflict with the Papacy, and possibly even
Excommunication.
English: Arms of Pope Saint Pius X.
Français: Armoiries du pape Pie X :
D'azur à l'ancre de sable posée sur une mer d'argent et d'azur
accompagnée en chef d'une étoile d'or, au chef d'argent au lion d'or léopardé
et ailé, tenant un évangile ouvert de même portant le texte
"PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEUS" en lettres de sable
Date: 20 August 2008.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)
The Shield of Pope Pius X's Coat of Arms is "Charged" in two basic parts, as it is "Per Fess". "In Chief" (the top part of the Shield) shows the Arms of the Patriarch of Venice, which Pope Pius X was from 1893 to 1903. It consists of the Lion of Saint Mark, "Proper" and haloed in silver upon a silver-white background, displaying a book with the inscription of "PAX TIBI MARCE" on the left page and "EVANGELISTA MEUS" on the right page.
"Pax Tibi Marce Evangelista Meus" is the motto of Venice and is Latin for "Peace to you, Mark, My Evangelist". This motto refers to Venice as the final resting place of Saint Mark. The display of the Arms of the Patriarchate of Venice in the Papal Coat of Arms of Popes who were Archbishops of that city is traditional; the same "Chief" can be seen in the Arms of the later Popes, who were Patriarchs of Venice upon election to the See of Rome, Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul I. Renditions of this part of Pope Pius X's Arms depict the lion either with or without a sword, and sometimes only one side of the book is written on.
The Shield displays the Arms that Pope Pius X took as Bishop of Mantua: an Anchor "Proper" cast into a stormy sea (the Blue and Silver wavy lines), lit up by a single Six-Pointed Star of Gold. These were inspired by Hebrews 6:19, which states that the hope we have is the sure and steadfast anchor of the Soul. Pope Pius X, then Bishop Sarto, stated that "hope is the sole companion of my life, the greatest support in uncertainty, the strongest power in situations of weakness."
In 1905, Pope Pius X, in his Letter "
Acerbo Nimis", mandated the existence of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (Catechism Class) in every Parish in the world.
The Catechism of Pope Pius X is his realisation of a simple, plain, brief, popular
Catechism for uniform use throughout the whole world; it was used in the Ecclesiastical Province of Rome and for some years in other parts of Italy; it was not, however, prescribed for use throughout the Universal Church.
The characteristics of Pope Pius X were "simplicity of exposition and depth of content. Also, because of this, Pope Pius X's Catechism might have friends in the future." The Catechism was extolled as a method of religious teaching in his Encyclical "
Acerbo Nimis" of April 1905.
The Catechism of Pope Saint Pius X was issued in 1908, (in Italian,
Catechismo della dottrina Cristiana,
Pubblicato per Ordine del Sommo Pontifice San Pio X). An English translation runs to more than one hundred and fifteen pages.
and Cardinal Secretary, Merry del Val,
underneath the picture of Pope Pius X, 24 June 1914.
Source: Vatican photo.
Author: "G. Felici, fotografo papale" (1839-1923).
(Wikimedia Commons)
Asked, in 2003, whether the almost one-hundred-years-old-Catechism of Pope Saint Pius X was still valid,
Cardinal Ratzinger said: "The Faith, as such, is always the same. Hence, the Catechism of Pope Saint Pius X always preserves its value. Whereas ways of transmitting the contents of the Faith can change instead. And, hence, one may wonder whether the Catechism of Pope Saint Pius X can, in that sense, still be considered valid today."
Canon Law in the Catholic Church varied from region to region with no overall prescriptions. On 19 March 1904, Pope Pius X named a Commission of Cardinals to draft a universal set of laws that was to be the Code of Canon Law for most of the 20th-Century. Two of his successors worked in the Commission, G. della Chiesa, who became
Pope Benedict XV, and
Eugenio Pacelli, who became
Pope Pius XII. The first-ever definitive
Code of Canon Law was promulgated by Pope Benedict XV on 27 May 1917, obtained the force of Law on 19 May 1918 and was in effect until Advent, 1983.
Pope Pius X reformed the
Roman Curia, with the Constitution
Sapienti Consilio, and specified new rules enforcing a Bishop's oversight of Seminaries in the Encyclical
Pieni L'Animo. He established regional Seminaries (closing some smaller ones), and promulgated a new plan of Seminary study. He also barred Clergy from administering social organisations.
PART FIVE FOLLOWS.
