Notre Dame de Rouen. The façade of the Gothic Church in France. Photographer: Hippo1947. Licence: SHUTTERSTOCK.

Monday 17 October 2016

Allow The York Minster Bell Ringers To Ring !!! "Elf-n-Safety" Quoted By The Dean As The Reason For Banning The Bells !!!


Bell, Ring, Chime, Brown, Church Bell

Illustration: PIXABAY

To: The Very Rev Vivienne Faull,
Dean of York.
Allow The York Minster Bell Ringers To Ring !!!

SIGN THE PETITION AT

Bell, Ring, Chime, Brown, Church Bell

The following Text is taken from, and can be read in full at, 38 DEGREES

To allow the (recently-sacked) Bell Ringers of York Minster to ring the Bells for Remembrance Sunday, Christmas Day, and New Year's Eve; and to re-instate the band, so the beloved Bells can once again resound to the people of York.

Bell, Ring, Chime, Brown, Church Bell

Why is this important ?

The Minster has suspended all Bell Ringing with absolutely no prior warning. The Bell Ringers are very loyal volunteers, who give up hours of their time every week to keep this Tradition going, and have represented The Minster in local and national competitions.

Remembrance Sunday is THE key day in the year that we remember those who died defending our freedoms during War Time.

Since the end of World War I, Bells have been rung every single year, except during World War II, to Commemorate those who have fallen. It is a key part of our Nation's salute to their sacrifice.

Christmas and New Year's Eve are such special times of year, where we enjoy spending time with family and friends; residents and tourists of York, alike, adore the iconic sound of our Bells.

We request that The Minster honour Tradition by allowing the Ringers to Ring.

Bell, Ring, Chime, Brown, Church Bell

Chauffeur Perkins Gets Carried Away Again With The New Purchase.





I must stop sending Perkins down to the Car Showrooms,
in order to get Zephyrinus a new Motor.
Yesterday, he came back with this !!!
1936 Bugatti Type 57SC Atlantic Coupe, on display at The Mullin Museum.
Photo by Scott Dames, courtesy Arizona Concours d’Elegance.
Read the full Article on this wonderful Motor Car,
and its impending exhibiting at the
2017 Arizona Concours d’Elegance, at


Chauffeur Perkins drives Zephyrinus to Sunday's Missa Cantata in the local village.
As can be seen, the current Zephyrinus Charabanc needed replacing.
Perkins evidently got carried away with the new purchase (see photo, above).
Illustration: PINTEREST

Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque. Virgin. Feast Day, Today, 17 October.



Text and Illustrations from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia,
unless otherwise stated.

Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque.
Virgin.
Feast Day 17 October.


Double.


White Vestments.




English: Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque.
Catholic Parish Church of Saint Gordian and Saint Epimachus,
Merazhofen, Germany. Sculptor: Peter Paul Metz, 1896.
Deutsch: Margaretha Maria Alacoque. Kath. Pfarrkirche St. Gordian und Epimachus, Merazhofen, Stadt Leutkirch im Allgäu, Landkreis Ravensburg. Chorgestühl, 1896, Bildhauer: Peter Paul Metz.
Polski: Małgorzata Maria Alacoque. Rzeźba z kościoła parafialnego pw. św. Gordona i Epimachusa w Merazhofen (Niemcy). Autor dzieła: Peter Paul Metz, 1896.
Photo: May 2009.
Source: Own work.
Author: Andreas Praefcke.
(Wikimedia Commons)


Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque, V.H.M. (French: Marguerite-Marie Alacoque) (1647-1690), was a French Roman Catholic Nun and Mystic, who promoted Devotion to The Sacred Heart of Jesus in its modern form. [Editor: The Order of The Visitation of Holy Mary (V.H.M.), or The Visitation Order, is a Roman Catholic Religious Order for Women. Members of The Order are also known as The Salesian Sisters, or, more commonly, as The Visitandines.]

Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque was born in 1647, in L'Hautecour, France, now part of the Commune of Verosvres, then in the Duchy of Burgundy, the only daughter of Claude Alacoque and Philiberte Lamyn, who had also several sons. From early childhood, Margaret was described as showing intense love for The Blessed Sacrament, and as preferring silence and Prayer to childhood play.

After her First Communion, at the age of nine, she practised, in secret, severe corporal mortification, until rheumatic fever confined her to bed for four years. At the end of this period, having made a Vow to The Blessed Virgin to Consecrate herself to Religious Life, she was instantly restored to perfect health. In recognition of this favour, she added the name "Mary" to her Baptismal name of "Margaret". According to her later account of her life, she had visions of Jesus Christ, which she thought were a normal part of human experience, and continued to practice austerity.



English: Apses of the Basilica of Paray-le-Monial, France.
Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque entered here in May 1671.
Français: Paray-le-Monial, les apsides.
Photo: 17 August 2007.
Source: Own work.
Author: Jan Sokol.
(Wikimedia Commons)


Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque lost her father at a young age, and the family's assets were held by a relative, who refused to hand them over, plunging her family into poverty. During this time, her only consolation was frequent visits to Pray before The Blessed Sacrament in the local Church. When she was seventeen, however, the family regained their fortune and her mother encouraged her to go out into society, in the hopes of her finding a suitable husband. Out of obedience, and believing that her childhood Vow was no longer binding, she began to accompany her brothers in the social events of her society, attending Dances and Balls.

One night, however, she returned home, dressed in her finery, from a Ball for a Carnival, when she experienced a vision of Christ, scourged and bloody, in which He reproached her for her forgetfulness of Him, and of how His Heart was filled with love for her, due to her promise. As a result, she determined to fulfill her Vow, and entered, when almost twenty-four years of age, The Visitation Convent at Paray-le-Monial, on 25 May 1671, intending to become a Nun.

Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque was subjected to many trials to prove the genuineness of her vocation. She was "Admitted to Wearing The Religious Habit" on 25 August 1671, but was not allowed to make her "Religious Profession" on the same date of the following year, which would have been normal. Finally, she was admitted to "Profession" on 6 November 1672.



English: Painting of Jesus appearing to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque.
The Church of San Michele, Cortemilia, Italy.
Italiano: Cortemilia. Chiesa Parrocchiale di San Michele. Rodolfo Morgari:
Santa Margherita Maria Alacoque e la devozione al Sacro Cuore.
Photo: 6 June 2008.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)


In this Monastery, Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque received several private revelations of The Sacred Heart, the first on 27 December 1673, and the final one eighteen months later. The visions revealed to her the form of the Devotion, the chief features being reception of Holy Communion on The First Friday of each month, Eucharistic Adoration during a "Holy Hour" on Thursdays, and the Celebration of The Feast of The Sacred Heart. She stated that, in her vision, she was instructed to spend an hour every Thursday night to meditate on Jesus' Agony in The Garden of Gethsemane. The Holy Hour practice later became widespread among Catholics.

On 27 December 1673, The Feast of Saint John (Apostle and Evangelist), Saint Margaret Mary reported that Jesus permitted her to rest her head upon His Heart, and then disclosed to her The Wonders of His Love, telling her that He desired to make them known to all mankind and to diffuse The Treasures of His Goodness, and that He had chosen her for this work.

Initially, discouraged in her efforts to follow the instruction she had received in her visions, Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque was eventually able to convince her Superior, Mother de Saumaise, of the authenticity of her visions. She was unable, however, to convince a group of Theologians of the validity of her apparitions, nor was she any more successful with many of the Members of her own Community, and suffered greatly at their hands.



English: Painting of Blessed Mary of The Divine Heart, and
Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque, in Adoration of The Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Deutsch: Andachtsbild: Jesus offenbart sein Herz (Herz Jesu) der sel.
Maria Droste zu Vischering und der hl. Margaretha Maria Alacoque.
Photo: 4 March 2008.
Source: Own work.
Author: Bremond.
(Wikimedia Commons)


She eventually received the support of Saint Claude de la Colombière, S.J., The
Community's Confessor for a time, who declared that the visions were genuine. In 1683,
opposition in The Community ended when Mother Melin was elected Superior and named
Saint Margaret Mary as her Assistant. She later became Novice Mistress, and saw the
Monastery observe The Feast of The Sacred Heart, privately, beginning in 1686. Two years later, a Chapel was built at the Basilica of Paray-le-Monial to honour The Sacred Heart. Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque died on 17 October 1690.

After Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque's death, the Devotion to The Sacred Heart was fostered by The Jesuits and was the subject of controversies within The Church. The practice was not officially recognised until seventy-five years later.

The discussion of Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque's own mission and qualities continued for years. All her actions, her revelations, her spiritual maxims, her teachings regarding the Devotion to The Sacred Heart, of which she was the chief exponent, as well as the Apostle, were subjected to the most severe and minute examination, and, finally, The Sacred Congregation of Rites passed a favourable vote on the Heroic Virtues of this "Servant of God".



English: Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque contemplating The Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Italiano: Santa Margherita Maria Alacoque contempla il Sacro Cuore di Gesù.
Polski: Św. Małgorzata Maria Alacoque adoruje Najświętsze Serce Jezusa.
Date: 1765.
Source: Lib-Art.com.
Author: Giaquito Corrado.
(Wikimedia Commons)


In March 1824, Pope Leo XII pronounced her Venerable and, on 18 September 1864, Blessed Pope Pius IX declared her Blessed. When her tomb was Canonically opened in July 1830, two instantaneous cures were recorded to have taken place. Her incorrupt body rests above the Side Altar in The Chapel of The Apparitions, located at The Visitation Monastery in Paray-le-Monial, and many striking Blessings have been claimed by Pilgrims attracted there from all parts of the World.

Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque was Canonised by Pope Benedict XV in 1920, and, in 1929, her Liturgical Commemoration was included in The General Roman Calendar for Celebration on the day of her death, 17 October.

In his 1928 Encyclical, Miserentissimus Redemptor, Pope Pius XI affirmed The Church's position, regarding the credibility of her visions of Jesus Christ, by speaking of Jesus as having "manifested Himself" to Saint Margaret Mary and having "promised her that all those who rendered this honour to His Heart would be endowed with an abundance of Heavenly Graces".



The Vision of The Sacred Heart of Jesus
to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque.
Artist: Antonio Ciseri (1821–1891).
Date: 1888.
Current location: Florenz, Chiesa del Sacro Cuore, Italy.
(Wikimedia Commons)


Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque's short Devotional Writing, La Devotion au Sacré-Coeur de Jesus (Devotion to The Sacred Heart of Jesus), was published posthumously by J. Croiset in 1698, and has been popular among Catholics.

"And He [Christ] showed me that it was His great desire of being loved by men, and of withdrawing them from the path of ruin, that made Him form the design of manifesting His Heart to men, with all the treasures of Love, of Mercy, of Grace, of Sanctification and Salvation, which it contains, in order that those who desire to render Him and procure Him all the honour and love possible, might themselves be abundantly enriched with those Divine Treasures, of which His Heart is the source." — from "Revelations of Our Lord to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque".

In James Joyce's Short Story, "Eveline", part of his "Dubliners", a "coloured print of the
promises made to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque" is mentioned, as part of the decorations of an
Irish home at the turn of the 20th-Century, testifying to Saint Margaret Mary's enduring
popularity among Irish Catholics.



English: Stained-Glass Window in the Church of Our Lady of Vertus, Aubervilliers, France, depicting Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque seeing Our Lord's Sacred Heart.
Deutsch: Bleiglasfenster in der katholischen Pfarrkirche Notre-Dame-des-Vertus
Photo: 31 March 2011.
Source: Own work.
Author: GFreihalter.
(Wikimedia Commons)



The following Text is from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal.

Margaret Mary Alacoque was born at Vérosvres, in the Diocese of Autun, France, in 1647. While still young, she Consecrated herself to Jesus Christ by a Vow of Perpetual Virginity. At the age of twenty-three, she entered the Convent of The Visitation Order at Paray-le-Monial, France.


The Mysteries of The Sacred Heart were revealed to her in three special manifestations, all
unknown to her Community. Saint Margaret Mary spent the last years of her life in spreading
this Devotion. She died on 17 October 1690, at the age of forty-three years. Her body was
buried under a slab, close to the grille in the Nuns' Chapel, on the spot where she was kneeling
when Our Lord appeared to her.

She was Beatified by Pope Pius IX, in 1864, and Canonised by Pope Benedict XV on The Feast of The Ascension 1920. Pope Pius XI extended her Feast to the whole Church on 28 June 1929.

In order to live in the spirit of The Liturgy (which is also the spirit of The Church), and
Consecrate The First Friday Of The Month to The Sacred Heart (as The Church does by
granting Indulgences), let us adapt this Devotion to the different Feasts of The Cycle. It will thus
give a greater variety, both in its material object (The Sacred Heart of Jesus born at Christmas,
dying on Good Friday, rising again at Easter), and in its formal object, the love of Jesus in
His Joyful, Sorrowful, and Glorious Mysteries.


Mass: Sub umbra illíus.


THE SAINT ANDREW DAILY MISSAL



THE SAINT ANDREW DAILY MISSAL

Available (in U.K.) from

Available (in U.S.A.) from

Tallis Scholars. Allegri: Miserere.



The Tallis Scholars sing Allegri's "Miserere"
Available on YouTube at

Sunday 16 October 2016

Saint Hedwig. Patroness of Silesia, Poland. Feast Day, Today, 16 October.


Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Saint Hedwig.
Widow.
Feast Day 16 October.

Semi-Double.

White Vestments.



State Flag of Poland with Coat-of-Arms.
Symbolic version. Based on Image: Flag of Poland.svg and Image:Herb Polski.svg.
Note: The Coat-of-Arms used here is not the official, accurate, version.
Date: 26 June 2007.
Source: Own work.
Author: Aotearoa, Wanted.
(Wikimedia Commons)


The Basilica of Saint Hedwig,
Trzebnica, Poland.
This File: 25 May 2007.
User: Merlin.
(Wikimedia Commons)


Hedwig, of royal birth, and still more illustrious by the innocence of her life, was the daughter of Berthold, Prince of Carinthia, and aunt, on the mother's side, of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary.

Having married Henry, Duke of Poland, she fulfilled her duties as wife in so holy a fashion that The Church compares her to the strong woman, whose portrait is drawn for us by The Holy Ghost in today's Epistle.

She had three sons and three daughters. She macerated her body, both by Fasting and Watching [Editor: Prayer before The Blessed Sacrament], and by the roughness of her clothes. She was very charitable to The Poor, whom she served at table.

Her husband, the Duke, having died, Hedwig, like the merchant mentioned in the Gospel, gave away all her riches to acquire The Precious Pearl of Eternal Life.

After Praying earnestly, and under Divine inspiration, she generously exchanged Worldly pomp for The Life of The Cross (Collect), entering The Cistercian Monastery of Trebnitz, where her daughter was Abbess.

She died on 15 October 1243, and Poland honours her with special Veneration as her Patroness.

Mass: Cognóvi.




Polski: Kościół św. Jadwigi w Legnickim Polu pierwotnie stanowił kościół przyklasztorny benedyktynów, stąd jest wpisany na listę zabytków wspólnie z dawnym zespołem klasztornym. Obecnie jest zwykłym kościołem parafialnym.
English: The Church of Saint Hedwig, in Legnickie Pole, used to be part of The Benedictine Monastery, and, therefore, it shares the inscription in The Cultural Monuments Registry with the buildings of the former Monastery. Today, it is an ordinary Parish Church.
Author: Marek i Ewa Wojciechowscy.
Permission: GFDL.
Attribution: © Marek and Ewa Wojciechowscy / Trips over Poland /
CC-BY-SA-3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.0 and GDFL.
(Wikimedia Commons)


The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopaedia.

The Basilica of Saint Jadwiga (English: Hedwig), in Trzebnica, Poland, is a Convent for Cistercian Nuns, situated in Trzebnica (German: Trebnitz), North of Wrocław, in Silesia, Poland, Founded in 1203.

After a few decades of abandonment in the 19th-Century, it is an now an Abbey of The Sisters of Mercy of Saint Borromeo, since 1889.

The Abbey was established by the Silesian Piast, Duke Henry I (The Bearded), and his wife, Saint Hedwig of Andechs (Polish: Święta Jadwiga Śląska), confirmed by Pope Innocent III.



The image of Saint Hedwig is
taken from the Web-Site of
Saint Hedwig Parish,
872, Brunswick Avenue,
Trenton, New Jersey NJ 08638,
United States of America.
www.sainthedwigparish.com


The legend of its Foundation relates that Duke Henry, when out hunting, fell into a swamp, from which he could not extricate himself. In return for his rescue from this perilous position, he vowed to build the Abbey. With Hedwig's consent, her brother, Ekbert of Andechs, then Bishop of Bamberg, chose the first Nuns that occupied the Convent.

The first Abbess was Petrussa, from Kitzingen Abbey; she was followed by Gertrude, the daughter of Hedwig. The Abbey was richly endowed with lands by Duke Henry. When Hedwig became a Widow, in 1238, she went to live at Trzebnica and was finally buried there.



The Church of Saint Hedwig,
Legnickie Pole, Poland.
Photo: 2007.
Author: Marek i Ewa Wojciechowscy.
Permission: GFDL.
Attribution: © Marek and Ewa Wojciechowscy / Trips over Poland /
CC-BY-SA-3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.0 and GDFL.
(Wikimedia Commons)

Up to 1515, the Abbesses were First Princesses of The Piast dynasty, and. afterwards, members of the nobility.

It is said that, towards the end of the 13th-Century, the Nuns numbered 120. The Abbey also became a mausoleum of many Rulers of the fragmented Silesian Piasts. In 1672, there were thirty-two Nuns and six Lay Sisters; in 1805, there were twenty-three Nuns and six Lay Sisters. At the Protestant Reformation, most of the Nuns were Poles, as were the majority until the 18th-Century.



English: Saint Hedwig of Andechs Church,
Ząbkowice Śląskie, Poland.
Polski: Zabytkowy kościół
parafialny p.w. św. Jadwigi w dawnym Sadlnie,
obecnie części Ząbkowic Śląskich.
Photo: July 2011.
Source: Own Work.
(Wikimedia Commons)

The Abbey of Trebnitz suffered so greatly, during The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648), that the Nuns fled across the Border onto the territory of the mostly-unaffected Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as they did again in 1663, when the Turks threatened Silesia.

In 1742, in the aftermath of The First Silesian War and the Treaty of Breslau, Trebnitz found itself under the governance of Protestant Prussia and started to suffer from political discrimination.

The last Abbess, Dominica von Giller, died on 17 August 1810, and, on 11 November 1810, the Abbey was suppressed and Secularised, by Order of King Frederick William III. The building, which was extensive, was sold later and turned into a cloth factory.



English: Saint Hedwig of Andechs Church,
Ząbkowice Śląskie, Poland.
Polski: Wnętrze zabytkowego kościoła
parafialnego p.w. św. Jadwigi w dawnym Sadlnie,
obecnie części Ząbkowic Śląskich.
Photo: July 2011.
Source: Own Work.
(Wikimedia Commons)

In the 19th-Century, the ruined Abbey was bought by The Knights Hospitaller and, later, by The Order of Sisters of Saint Charles Borromeo, as a hospital.

The Church, a Basilica, has Pillars in the Late-Romanesque Style, to which Baroque additions were made from 1741. It features several paintings with scenes from the life of Saint Hedwig by Michael Willmann. After the Secularisation of the Abbey, it became the Trebnitz Parish Church.



English: The Basilica of Saint Hedwig, Trzebnica, Poland.
Polski: Trzebnica, kościół, ob. par. p.w. śś. Bartłomieja i Jadwigi, 2 poł. XIII.
Photo: 29 June 2008.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)



English: The Basilica of Saint Hedwig, Trzebnica, Poland.
Polski: Trzebnica, kościół, ob. par. p.w. śś. Bartłomieja i Jadwigi, 2 poł. XIII.
Photo: 8 April 2006.
Source: Own work.
(Wikimedia Commons)

The grave of Saint Hedwig is located in a Chapel, to the Right of The High Altar, donated by her grandson, Archbishop Ladislaus of Salzburg, in 1267. The grave of Duke Henry I, her husband, is in front of The High Altar.

Among those buried in the Church, are: Henry I (The Bearded), Duke of Silesia-Wrocław, 1238; Saint Hedwig of Andechs, Widow, 1243; Konrad von Feuchtwangen, Grand Master of The Teutonic Knights, 1296; Karolina of Legnica-Brieg, last scion of The Silesian Piasts, 1707.

How The Night-Office Is Said In Summer.



The Monks would use The Night Stairs,
descending from their "Dormer" (Sleeping Quarters),
in order to say The Night Office (Matins and Lauds).
Photo by RoryHenry on Flickr.
Illustration: PINTEREST


The Nave,
Hexham Abbey,
Northumberland, England.
The Night-Office would have been
said by the Monks in this beautiful Abbey.
Photo: 3 February 2001.
Source: Own work.
Author: Tim Rogers.
(Wikimedia Commons)


Monastic Life at Holy Cross Abbey.
At Holy Cross Abbey, as in every Cistercian Monastery, the Monks rise long
before Dawn for 
The Night Office of Vigils (Matins), followed by a period of silent Prayer.
The hours before The Morning Office of Lauds and The Mass are given to Scripture
and other Spiritual Reading, personal Prayer, and meditation.
After the morning’s work and simple noon meal, the Meridian provides an hour for rest or
reading before Mid-Day Prayer and the afternoon’s work or study. The Monks’ day comes
to a close with The Evening Office of Vespers, a light supper, and a time of quiet before
The Community’s final Prayer together, The Office of Compline.
Then, as the Monks retire, the silence of the night begins, deepening that stillness they observe throughout the day, to provide for each other an environment in which to respond to The Living God in Prayer, in The Scriptures, and in the ordinary experiences of Community Life.
Available on YouTube at


Monastic Compline.
The last Office of The Day.
Followed by The Night Office of Matins and Lauds.
From Saint Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, Hampshire, England.
Available on YouTube at

This Article is taken from, and can be read in full at, VULTUS CHRISTI

(From The Saint Benedict Rule).

CHAPTER X.

How The Night-Office is to be said in Summer Time.

12 Feb. 13 June. 13 Oct.

From Easter to the first of November, let the same number of Psalms be recited as prescribed above; only that no Lessons are to be read from the Book, on account of the shortness of the night: but, instead of those three Lessons, let one from The Old Testament be said by heart, followed by a short Responsory, and the rest as before laid down; so that never less than twelve Psalms, not counting the Third and Ninety-Fourth [Psalms], be said at The Night-Office.

Saint Benedict divides the year into two Seasons: Summer and Winter. Saint Benedict’s Summer begins with Holy Pascha and ends on 1 November. After Holy Pascha, the Warm Season begins in Rome; it is, effectively, the beginning of Summer. Winter begins on 1 November with the first bright, crisp, days that lead up to Martinmas.


The "Te Deum".
Solemn 5th-Century Gregorian Chant.
Monks of the one of the Abbeys of The Solesmes Congregation sing this beautiful Chant.
The Te Deum is attributed to two Fathers and Doctors of The Church, Saint Ambrose and Saint Augustine and is one the most majestic Chants in The Liturgy of The Church. It is sung in Traditional Seminaries and Monastic Houses at The Divine Office (normally after The Office of Terce) and for Double Feasts of The First Class, The Nativity, Easter, Corpus Christi, Epiphany, Pentecost and those which have an Octave. The Solemn Te Deum is sung on all occasions of public Church rejoicing (in Traditional Catholic Churches).
Available on YouTube at


The Night-Office of Matins (Vigils).
Carthusian Chant.
Available on YouTube at

The following Text is from VISIT HEXHAM

The Abbey stands above a River Crossing and dominates the surrounding area. It lay at the heart of The Royal Grant of Land by Queen Etheldreda to Saint Wilfrid.

The Augustinian Canons developed a separate Religious Community in the 11th-Century.

The Canons’ day was punctuated by the Celebration of seven Church Services, starting soon after Midnight. For this service (Matins), they would go straight from the Dormitory (Dormer) and down The Night Stairs, directly into the Church.
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