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unless otherwise stated.
"The Virgin With Angels".
Artist: William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905).
Date: 1900.
Current location: Petit Palais, Paris, France.
Source/Photographer: Art Renewal Center image.
Copied from the English Wikipedia to Commons.
This File: 8 July 2005.
User: Phrood.
(Wikimedia Commons)
This new freedom also permitted literary development of the Marian Mysteries. Hippolytus of Rome being an early example. Saint Ambrose, who lived in Rome before going to Milan as its Bishop, venerated Mary as the example of Christian Life, and is credited with starting a Marian cult of virginity in the 4th-Century.
Liturgical Aspects.
The first Christians did not celebrate the Liturgy and Liturgical Feast in the same way as later Christians; the Feasts of Easter and Christmas were not known, although the Eucharist was celebrated. Liturgical venerations of the Saints are believed to have originated in the 2nd-Century and, in the first three centuries, the emphasis was on the veneration of Martyrs, as a continuation of the yearly celebrations of their deaths, e.g., as noted in the early Christian text on the Martyrdom of Polycarp.
However, in the early part of the 3rd-Century, Hippolytus of Rome recorded the first Liturgical reference to the Virgin Mary, as part of the Ordination Rite of a Bishop. Marian Feasts appeared in the 4th-Century, and the Feast of the "Memory of Mary, Mother of God" was celebrated on 15 August in Jerusalem by the year 350 A.D.
The Madonna of the Roses.
Artist: William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905).
Date: 1903.
This File: 6 May 2005.
User: Thebrid.
(Wikimedia Commons)
From the middle of the 11th-Century, onwards, more and more Churches, including many of Europe's greatest Cathedrals (e.g., Notre Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Bayeux, among others), were dedicated to Mary. Marian pilgrimages developed large popular followings and Prayers, such as the Regina Coeli, were composed. At the height of the pilgrimage movement, in the 11th- and 12th-Centuries, hundreds of people were travelling, almost constantly, from one Marian Shrine to the next.
The Marian Anthem, "Regina Caeli".
Available on YouTube at
and
By the 14th-Century, Mary had become greatly popular as a compassionate intercessor and protector of humanity, and, during the great plagues, such as the Black Death, her help was sought against the Just Judgment of God. The Renaissance witnessed a dramatic growth in venerative Marian Art.
By the 16th-Century, the Protestant Reformation had introduced a tide against Marian venerations in Europe. However, at the same time, new Marian devotions were starting in South America, based on Saint Juan Diego's 1531 reported vision of Our Lady of Guadalupe, which added almost eight million people to the ranks of Catholics. The ensuing Marian Pilgrimages have continued, to date, and the Marian Basilica on Tepeyac Hill remains the most visited Catholic Shrine in the world.
PART FOUR FOLLOWS.
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