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In Liturgical matters, Alexander II ended the practice of singing or reciting the “Alleluia” during the Latin Church’s observance of Lent.[37] This reform was permanent.[38]
In 1065, Pope Alexander II wrote to Béranger, Viscount of Narbonne, and to Guifred, Bishop of the City, praising them for having prevented the massacre of the Jews in their district, and reminding them that God does not approve of the shedding of innocent blood.
On 11 June in that same year, he wrote a Letter, admonishing Landulf VI of Benevento “that the conversion of Jews is not to be obtained by force.”[39] He was warm in his praise for Spanish Bishops, who protected the Jews against those who came to Spain crusading against the Moors.[40]
Also in the same year, Alexander called for the Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors in Spain.[41][42]
Alexander II issued orders to the Bishops of Narbonne, instructing Crusaders en route “that you protect the Jews who live among you, so that they may not be killed by those who are setting out for Spain against the Saracens . . . for the situation of the Jews is greatly different from that of the Saracens. One may justly fight against those [the Saracens] who persecute Christians and drive them from their Towns and their own homes.”[43]
In 1066, Pope Alexander II received an embassy from William, Duke of Normandy, after his successful invasion of Brittany. The embassy had been sent to obtain his Blessing for William’s prospective invasion of Anglo-Saxon England.
Alexander gave his Blessing, along with a Papal Ring, a Banner,[44] and an Edict to the autonomous Old English Clergy guiding them to submit to the new regime.
These favours were instrumental in the submission of The English Church following the Battle of Hastings. Count Eustace carried his Papal Insignia, a Gonfanon, with three Tails Charged with a Cross, which William of Poitiers said was given to William I to signify the Pope’s Blessing of his Invasion to secure submission to Rome.[45]
Alexander gave his Blessing, along with a Papal Ring, a Banner,[44] and an Edict to the autonomous Old English Clergy guiding them to submit to the new regime.
These favours were instrumental in the submission of The English Church following the Battle of Hastings. Count Eustace carried his Papal Insignia, a Gonfanon, with three Tails Charged with a Cross, which William of Poitiers said was given to William I to signify the Pope’s Blessing of his Invasion to secure submission to Rome.[45]
William’s successes in England brought the native English Church into much greater control from Rome. William even agreed to Alexander’s request to restore the payment of Peter’s Pence, which had lapsed in the time of Edward the Confessor.
At the same time, William requested that the Pope send him Legates, to carry out a Ceremonial Crowning of himself as King. Alexander, therefore, sent Bishop Ermenfried of Sion and two “Clerici Cardinales” to England, who, at Eastertide 1070, presided at the Coronation at Winchester.[46]
The Archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, however, even though he made his peace with William, was a problem for Pope Alexander.
At the same time, William requested that the Pope send him Legates, to carry out a Ceremonial Crowning of himself as King. Alexander, therefore, sent Bishop Ermenfried of Sion and two “Clerici Cardinales” to England, who, at Eastertide 1070, presided at the Coronation at Winchester.[46]
The Archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, however, even though he made his peace with William, was a problem for Pope Alexander.
Stigand had helped to drive the legitimate Archbishop, Robert of Jumièges, from his See, and usurped the Archbishopric for himself; he even dared to wear Archbishop Robert’s Pallium.[47] Additionally, he continued to hold the Diocese of Winchester, of which he was the legitimate incumbent, along with the Archbishopric of Canterbury.[48]
PART SEVEN FOLLOWS.
PART SEVEN FOLLOWS.
