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The new Pope, Alexander II, was Crowned on 1 October 1061 in the Basilica of San Pietro-in-Vincoli, because opposition to the Election on the part of the Romans and German sympathisers made a Coronation in St. Peter's Basilica impossible.[17]
The German Court nominated another candidate, Cadalus, Bishop of Parma, who was proclaimed Pope (he became an Anti-Pope) at a Council held at Basel, Switzerland, under the name of Honorius II. He marched to Rome and for a long time threatened his rival’s position.
At length, after a Palace Coup, which replaced Empress Agnes as Regent with Archbishop Anno II of Cologne, Honorius was forsaken by the German Court. He was deposed by a Council held at Mantua on 31 May-1 June 1064.[13][19]
Honorius continued to challenge Alexander II’s position until he (Honorius) died in 1072. The next sixty years exhibited one Schism after another.[20]
As early as 1063, the Normans, taking advantage of the Schism, successfully expanded their empire by attacking and seizing the city of Gaeta, an important port leading into the Southern part of the Roman Campagna.
In 1066, Richard of Capua, who had helped Alexander enter Rome and secure a Coronation in October 1061, suddenly changed sides. With the Germans abandoning Cadalo and embracing Alexander, the Normans were no longer the mainstay and support of the Papacy, and were faced with a competitor which had designs on the same territories as the Normans.
The Barons of the Roman Campagna, too, saw an advantage to be gained (or at least revenge to be extracted) by joining the Normans against Alexander and the reform party of Hildebrand, which had robbed them of their Rights in Papal Elections and the Civil Government of The Church.
Moving North, Prince Richard seized Ceprano, devastated Lazio, and encamped outside Rome, from which he demanded the Title of “Patricius”.[21]
In the meantime, the frantic Cardinal Hildebrand repeatedly called upon Marquis Godfrey of Tuscany, who was with King Henry in Germany, to come to the aid of Rome.[22]
PART FOUR FOLLOWS.
