The Holy Guardian Angels. Feast Day 2 October. White Vestments.

Text is from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless stated otherwise.

The Holy Guardian Angels.
   Feast Day 2 October.

Greater-Double.

White Vestments.

English: Archangel Michael

reaching to save Souls in Purgatory,

by Jacopo Vignali. 17th-Century.

Italiano: Jacopo Vignali,

San Michele Arcangelo

libera le anime del Purgatorio, (17th-Century).

Source: Giovanni Piccirillo (a cura di),

La Chiesa dei Santi Michele e Gaetano,

Becocci Editore, Firenze, 2006.

Author: sailko

(Wikimedia Commons)

The Holy Guardian Angels.

Artist: René de Cramer.

“Copyright Brunelmar/Ghent/Belgium”.

Used with Permission.

Illustration: UNA VOCE OF ORANGE COUNTY

This Feast, Solemnised by the Spaniards in the 16th-Century, was extended to the whole Church by Pope Paul V in 1608.

Pope Clement X, in 1670, appointed it to be kept on the first free day after the Feast of Saint Michael, namely 2 October.

The Angels, already in Glory, have for their mission to adore The Divinity (Introit, Offertory, Communion). 

Wherefore, in the Preface, The Church makes us ask God to permit our voices to join with theirs in praising God. [“I have seen the Seraphim,” says Isaias, “they stood near The Sublime Throne, where Jehovah was seated: Their faces veiled, they cried out to one another: Holy, holy, holy, is The Lord God of Hosts, the whole Earth is full of His Glory.” (Isaias vi, 1-3.)]

But, as their name indicates, the Angels are also Messengers of Divine Commands (Offertory). 

The Holy Fathers teach that they (the Angels) preside over all Created Things, and Saint Paul declares “that their mission is to serve the future heirs of Salvation”.

“Guardian Angel”.

By Pietro da Cortona (1656).

Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Rome.

Source/Photographer: Web Gallery of Art

(Wikimedia Commons)

This is why they are called Guardian Angels (Collect). It is generally thought that Kingdoms, Provinces, Families, Dioceses, Churches, Religious Communities, each have their Protecting Angel.

[In some Countries, they Celebrate The Feast of The Angel of The Nation. Saint Francis de Sales says that the Bishop, as such, has another Guardian Angel. Ezechiel says that The Angel of The Temple of Jerusalem had a writing case hanging down from his girdle (Ezech. 11). These Angels of The Churches, adds Saint Basil, write down our irreverences.]

English: Statue of a Guardian Angel

in The Parish Church of Saint Oswald,

Oberdrauburg, Austria.

Deutsch: Pfarrkirche St Oswald,

Oberdrauburg, Osterreiche: Schutzengel.

Photo: July 2008.

Author: JJ55

(Wikimedia Commons)

That there is one Guardian Angel for each Just Man, there can be no doubt, and The Church applies to the Souls, that are under The New Law, what is written about the people under The Old Law: “I shall send My Angel to march before you, to guard you on the way and to bring you into the land which I have prepared for you” (Epistle). [Saint Bernard of Clairvaux: Sixth Lesson at Matins.]

Our Guardian Angel has, for his mission, to protect us and defend us, in order that, under his protection, safe from the snares of the enemies of our Souls and from all adversities, we may reach The Promised Land of Eternal Life (Collect, Secret, Postcommunion).

This faithful companion deserves our gratitude and the Veneration due to one who already enjoys The Beatific Vision (Gospel).

It is to encourage us, to the habitual practice of this Devotion, that The Church instituted The Feast of The Guardian Angels.

Mass: Benedícite Dóminum.
Creed: Is said.

The Catholic Police Guild’s National Police Requiem Mass Is To Be Celebrated This Year On Tuesday, 3 November 2026, At 1430 hrs, Westminster Cathedral, London.

The 2026 Catholic Police Guild National Police Requiem Mass, the 103rd, will take place at 1430 hrs, Tuesday, 3 November 2026, at Westminster Cathedral.

Serving Officers/Staff – why not start making enquiries with your Force, asking to be released and your travel and (if possible) accommodation paid for, as you are representing your Force at a National Commemoration Service and representing a Nationally Recognised Staff Network. 

If you need any advice on this matter, please let me know.

Paul Connolly.

National Chair - Catholic Police Guild of England and Wales.

E-Mail.

paul.connolly@catholicpoliceguild.co.uk

or

paul.connolly@merseyside.police.uk

The Web-Site of The Catholic Police Guild can be found

HERE

PLEASE NOTE: THE WEB-SITE IS STILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION AND, AT PRESENT, MIGHT NOT LOOK 

AS IT SHOULD IN THE FUTURE.

Earl Of Shrewsbury. Earl Of Waterford. Earl Talbot. (Part Ten).

Arms of Talbot-Chetwynd.

Quarterly: 

1st and 4th: Gules, a Lion Rampant 

within a Bordure Engrailed Or (for Talbot).

2nd and 3rd: Azure, a Chevron 

between three Mullets Or (for Chetwynd).

Date: 25 June 2017.

Source: Own work.

This File is licensed under the 

Creative Commons Attribution-

Share Alike 4.0 International Licence.

Author: Wikimandia.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Text from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia,
unless stated otherwise.

[1] The heir apparent’s heir apparent is his son George Henry Charles John Alton Chetwynd-Talbot (born 2013).

Coat-of-Arms of The Earl of Shrewsbury.

Coat-of-Arms of The Earl of Shrewsbury:

Premier Earl of England.

Coronet:

A Coronet of an Earl.

Crest:

1st: On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine 

a Lion statant with the tail extended Or (Talbot);

 

2nd: a Goat’s Head erased Argent attired Or (Chetwynd).

Escutcheon:

Quarterly: 

1st and 4th: Gules a Lion Rampant within a Bordure Engrailed Or (Talbot); 

2nd and 3rd: Azure a Chevron between three Mullets Or (Chetwynd).

Supporters:

On either side, a Talbot Argent.

Motto:

“Prest d’Accomplir”

 (“Ready to accomplish”).

Date: 20 January 2017.

Source: Own work.

This File is licensed under the 

Creative Commons Attribution-

Share Alike 4.0 International Licence.

Author: Saltspan

(Wikimedia Commons)

THIS CONCLUDES THE ARTICLE ON THE EARL OF SHREWSBURY, EARL OF WATERFORD, EARL TALBOT.

“Vespers” And “Te Deum”: Feast Of Saint James And The Semi-Quincentennial (250th) Of The United States. 25 July 2026.

“Vespers” and “Te Deum”: Feast of Saint James and 

the Semi-Quincentennial (250th) of The United States.

25 July 2026.

THE DURANDUS INSTITUTE FOR 

SACRED LITURGY AND MUSIC

Available On YouTube

HERE

The Web-Site of The Durandus Institute 

For Sacred Liturgy And Music can be found

HERE

Solemn Vespers In The Traditional Form. Celebrated On The Feast Of The Dedication Of Saint Michæl The Archangel, At Saint Margaret Of Cortona, The Bronx, New York. Cardinal Simoni Assisted.

Solemn Vespers In The Traditional Form. Celebrated 

On 29 September 2026, The Feast Of The Dedication Of Saint Michæl The Archangel, At Saint Margaret Of Cortona, 

The Bronx, New York. Cardinal Simoni Assisted.

Text and Illustrations, unless stated otherwise, from

THE SOCIETY OF ST. HUGH OF CLUNY

“Motto Zemra jeme dotë triumfojë”.

Albanian for “My Immaculate Heart will triumph”. 

[Editor: This was said by The Blessed Virgin Mary 

during her third apparition to the three shepherd children 

at Fatima, Portugal, on 13 July 1917].

Coat-of-Arms of Cardinal Ernest Simoni.

Devised and made by the Graphic Heraldist 

Giuseppe Quattrociocchi www.gqaraldica.it

Español: Escudo de armas del cardenal Ernest Simoni. 

Escudo de armas ideado y realizado por el heraldista 

gráfico Giuseppe Quattrociocchi www.gqaraldica.it

Italiano: Stemma del cardinale Ernest Simoni. 

Stemma ideato e realizzato dal grafico araldista 

Giuseppe Quattrociocchi www.gqaraldica.it

Date: 21 November 2016.

Artist: Alejandro Rojas (SajoR) 

(Author of this aesthetic version).

Source: Own work.

This File is licensed under the 

Creative Commons Attribution-

Share Alike 2.5 Generic Licence.

Attribution: SajoR.

(Wikimedia Commons)

On the occasion of the Feast of the Dedication of 

Saint Michael the Archangel, Solemn Vespers in the Traditional form were Celebrated at the Church of 

Saint Margaret of Cortona, in Riverdale, the Bronx, 

New York City. Cardinal Ernest Simoni Assisted.

Saint Margaret of Cortona Church, circa 1965, is a 

time-capsule of Late-“Cardinal Spellman-Style.” 

(note the presence of a Modernistic Altar Rail). 

Fr. Sean Connolly, the Pastor of Saint Margaret’s, 

assures us the Parish is now engaged on a thorough Restoration of this Church.

[Editor: Should Readers wish to make a small donation 

to the Restoration of this Church, the Web-Site 

of Saint Margaret of Cortona can be found

HERE]

Afterwards, Cardinal Simoni met a large and 

enthusiastic gathering of the Faithful in the Parish Hall. 

Many were his fellow countrymen.

Congratulations are due to the Parish of Saint Margaret 

of Cortona and Fr. Sean Connolly for making possible 

such a splendid Liturgy !

P. S: From the printed programme: “The Church of Saint Margaret of Cortona is also exceptionally grateful to The Society of Saint Hugh of Cluny for sponsoring this event and assisting with the planning and preparation required.”

[Editor: The Web-Site of The Society 

of Saint Hugh of Cluny can be found

HERE]

The following Text is from Wikipedia 

- the free encyclopædia, unless stated otherwise.

Ernest Simoni Troshani (born 18 October 1928) is an 

Albanian Catholic Prelate known for being one of the few recent appointees to the College of Cardinals who, prior 

to his appointment, was not a Bishop. 

He is known for his resistance to persecution 

under the Albanian Hoxha regime. 

He was created a Cardinal by Pope Francis 

in a Consistory held on 19 November 2016.[1]

Cardinal Simoni was born in 1928 

in Troshani [sq] in the Albanian Kingdom.[2]

On 24 December 1963, he was imprisoned by the 

Communist authorities after offering a Mass for the 

repose of assassinated U.S. President John F. Kennedy. 

Simoni was tortured and offered 

marriage to leave his Faith.[3] 

He was sentenced to death by firing squad, but 

ultimately spent twenty-eight years in Penal Labour 

after his sentence was converted into a prison term: 

eighteen years working in various mines, followed 

by a decade in Shkodër’s Sewage Canals.[4]

Mediæval Monastic Library Re-Created Online.

Text and Illustration: MEDIEVALISTS.NET

Durham Cathedral possesses the finest collection 

of Mediæval Manuscripts of any English Cathedral.

Durham University, in partnership with Durham Cathedral, is engaged in an ambitious project to digitise Durham Priory Library — the books owned and used by the Benedictine Monastery of Durham and its dependant Cells.

Durham Priory Library re-created.

Available on YouTube

HERE

Durham University and Durham Cathedral have teamed
up to digitally recreate a Mediæval Monastic Library. 

The Durham Priory Library Recreated project, which was officially launched, recently, will make available over 350 volumes of texts that once belonged to the Priory in Northern England.

The Durham Priory Library Recreated project Web-Site can be found HERE

The Manuscripts and early-printed texts, which date back to the 6th-Century A.D., originally belonged to the Benedictine Monks of Durham Priory until The Dissolution of The Monasteries by King Henry VIII from 1536-1541. 

Fortunately, much of this collection remained at Durham Cathedral, and, over the next five years, they will be digitised and made freely available online.

“This project opens up the Priory Library for researchers around the World to explore,” said Judy Burg, Head of Special Collections at Durham University. 

“By the end of the project, around 350 volumes will have been digitised and we hope to extend the work to include about 200 more volumes that were originally part of the Priory Library, but were scattered across the United Kingdom since The Dissolution of The Monasteries, 1536-1541.”

Worksop Priory In The Snow.

Worksop Priory in the snow.

Available on YouTube

HERE

Feast Day Of Saint Remy. Archbishop Of Rheims. Confessor. Taken From The Roman Breviary Of 1879 (Summer). 1 October. White Vestments.

Note: Remy may also be spelled Remigius. And Rheims may be spelled Reims.

Text from The Roman Breviary.

Translated out of Latin into English by
John, Marquess of Bute, K.T.
Volume II.
Summer.
1879.

Feast Day Of Saint Remy.
Archbishop of Rheims.
Confessor.
1 October.

Simple, but may be said as a Semi-Double if the reciter pleases, unless it fall on a Sunday or within an Octave.

All from The Common Office for a Bishop and Confessor, (page 854), except the following.

Mattins.

The first verse of the Hymn is altered.

First and Second Lessons from Scripture, according to the Season.

Third Lesson.

Remy, Archbishop of Rheims, flourished at the time of Klodwig, King of the Franks, whom he Baptised, and was the first who, by his Preaching and Miracles, brought the Franks to believe in The Lord Christ.

At his Prayers, a dead maiden was raised to life.

He expounded many books of the Holy Scriptures. He ministered to the Church of Rheims with the utmost acceptance for above three score and ten years, and the holiness of his life and death were witnessed by many signs and wonders which befell afterward.

Prayer throughout the day.

“Grant, we beseech Thee, etc.,” (page 849).

If the above is observed as a Semi-Double, the Lessons of the First Nocturn are from Scripture according to the Season: Those of the Second Lesson, the above of the Saint, and the two First Lessons from the Sermon of Saint Maximus (page 845); and those of the Third Lesson from Matthew xxv. 14, with the Homily of Saint Gregory (page 846).

Saint Remigius. Bishop And Confessor. Feast Day, Today, 1 October. White Vestments.

Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Saint Remigius.
   Bishop.
   Confessor.
   Feast Day 1 October.

Simple.

White Vestments.

The Baptism of Clovis by Saint Remigius.

Artist: Master of Saint Giles

Date: Circa 1500.

Current location: National Gallery of Art,

Washington D.C., United States of America.

Credit line: Samuel H. Kress Collection.

References: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Source/Photographer: National Gallery of Art,

Washington, D.C.

(Wikimedia Commons)

“At Reims, in Gaul,” says the Roman Martyrology, “the Feast of Saint Remigius, Bishop and Confessor, who converted the Frankish Nation to The Faith of Jesus Christ, by Baptising their King, Clovis.”

Saint Remigius died 13 January 533 A.D., and his Relics were Solemnly Translated 1 October.

Mass: Státuit.

Saint Remigius Baptises Clovis,

King of The Franks.

Illustration: SALVE MARIA REGINA

The following Text is from Wikipedia.

Saint Remigius, Remy or Remi, (French: Saint Rémi or Saint Rémy; Italian: Remigio; Spanish: Remigio; Occitan: Romieg; Polish: Remigiusz; Breton: Remig and Lithuanian: Remigijus), was Bishop of Reims and Apostle of The Franks (circa 437 A.D. – 13 January 533 A.D.).

On 24 December 496 A.D., he Baptised Clovis I, King of The Franks. 

This Baptism, leading to the conversion of the entire Frankish people to Nicene Christianity, was a momentous success for The Catholic Church and a seminal event in European history.

Absurd Victorian Occupations.

Saint Jerome. Priest. Confessor. Doctor Of The Church. Feast Day 30 September. White Vestments.

Row of Panels of a Stained-Glass Window,

circa 1520. The Nave of the Church of Notre-Dame,

Carentan, France, showing four Doctors of The Church.

Left to Right: Pope Gregory I; Saint Jerome;

Saint Augustine; Saint Ambrose.

Église Notre-Dame, Carentan,

Manche, Basse-Normandie, France.

Photo: 24 August 2014.

Source: Own work.

Author: Andreas F. Borchert.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Text from The Saint Andrew Daily Missal,
unless otherwise stated.

Saint Jerome.
   Priest.
   Confessor.
   Doctor of The Church.
   Feast Day 30 September.

Double.

White Vestments.

Jerome was born at Stridon, in Dalmatia, and was Baptised in Rome. He was educated at a School held by very distinguished Professors. Ordained Priest, he retired into a Monastery Founded by two great Roman ladies, Saint Paula and Saint Eustochium, at Bethlehem, near The Crib in which Our Lord was born.

Mortifying himself by perpetual abstinence, and devoting himself to meditation of The Scriptures (Gradual), he spent days and nights in study and writing. It is he who fixed the Latin Text in The Translation known as The Vulgate, which The Church adopted as the Official Translation of The Bible.

He died in 420 A.D., and his body rests in Rome in the Church of Saint Mary Major.

Mass: In médio.

English: Saint Jerome. Stained-Glass Window

of The Chapel of The Finding of The Cross,

Dillingen, Bavaria, Germany.

Made by Franz Xaver Zettler, Munich, 1911.

Deutsch: Katholische Kreuzauffindungskapelle,
Hauskapelle der Akademie für Lehrerfortbildung und
Personalführung in Bayern (ehemalige Kapelle des Priesterseminars) in Dillingen-an-der-Donau (Bayern) von 1911, Glasfenster von Franz Xaver Zettler in München (1911), Darstellung: hl. Hieronymus;
Inschrift: S. HIERONYMUS IN EREMO MEDIATUR;

Photo: 14 May 2012.

Source: Own work.

Author: GFreihalter.

(Wikimedia Commons)

The following Text is from Wikipedia.

Saint Jerome (Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Greek: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; circa 347 A.D. – 

30 September 420 A.D.) was a Catholic Priest, Confessor, Theologian and Historian, who also became a Doctor of The Church. He was the son of Eusebius, born at Stridon, an Illyrian village on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia.

He is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin (the translation that became known as the Vulgate), and his Commentaries on the Gospels. His list of writings is extensive. Known as the “Protégé” of Pope Damasus I, who died in December of 384 A.D., Jerome was known for his teachings on Christian moral life, especially to those living in cosmopolitan centres such as Rome.

In many cases, he focused his attention on the lives of women and identified how a woman, devoted to Jesus Christ, should live her life. This focus stemmed from his close Patron relationships with several prominent female ascetics, who were members of affluent Roman “Senatorial Families”.

He is recognised as a Saint by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Church of England (Anglican Communion).

His Feast Day is 30 September.

THE SAINT ANDREW DAILY MISSAL

THE SAINT ANDREW DAILY MISSAL

Available (in U.K.) from

CENACLE CATHOLIC BOOKS

Available (in U.S.A.) from

ST. BONAVENTURE PUBLICATIONS

Available (in Ireland) from

SILVERSTREAM PRIORY

Tie-Wig. Bob-Wig. Bag-Wig. Periwig. Queue. Chiving Lay. Solitaire. Macaroni. Sunday Buckle. (Part Three).

A Gentleman’s Wig.

Text and Illustrations: GERI WALTON

It was applied before hair powder, which was also perfumed. Among the popular scents for powder were “musk, civet, ambergris, bergamot, rose, violet, almond, and orange-flower perfumes, and many more of differing qualities.”[8]

Early engraving of Wigs from 1773.

Public domain.

Because everyone was wearing a Wig, the price was high. Costs “sometimes amount[ed] to thirty, forty, and fifty guineas … [but] Wigs could be had at all prices, being worn by every class of the community.”[9]

In fact, Wigs were so popular, Wig stealing became a profitable enterprise in England. To accomplish these thefts, a Wig thief, known as “chiving lay” [Editor: A “chiv” is another name for a knife. Hence, the modern slang term “shiv”, for a knife], would position himself “behind Hackney Coaches, which were generally compelled to go at a slow pace owning to the narrowness of the streets and the absence of proper paving, and [the chiving lay] would cut out the back and snatch a gentleman’s Wig from his head … ladies lost their head-dresses [similarly, and] … sometimes a gentleman would find himself suddenly denuded of his head covering in the street.”[10]

It seems, small boys were also trained to be Wig thieves: They would hide in baskets and snatch Wigs off people’s heads as they passed by.

Various Wigs remained popular throughout the 1700s, and almost every profession had their own peculiar Wig, with “the oddest appellations … given to them.”[11]

Alice More Earle noted that each profession seemed to chose a Periwig that best expressed its function. For instance,

“The caricatures of the period represent[ed by] full-fledged lawyers with a towering frontlet and a long bag at the back tied in the middle; while students of the university … [sported] a Wig flat on the top, to accommodate their stiff cornered hats, and a great bag like a lawyer’s at the back.”[12]

Yet, for all the Wig’s popularity, the French Revolution and England’s 1795 hair powder tax — an annual tax costing one guinea and imposed under William Pitt — put an end to Wig wearing.

French revolutionaries revolted against anything that reminded them of nobility or the Monarchy, and, in England, when the tax was enacted, Whig leaders were said to have cut off their “queues”, thereby heralding in the Wigless and natural hairstyles embraced during the French Directory and Regency era.

THIS CONCLUDES THIS ARTICLE.

References:[1] Hill, Georgiana, A History of English Dress from the Saxon Period to the Present Day, Vol. 2, 1893, p. 9.
[2] Sydney, William Connor, England and the English in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. 1, 1892, p. 106.
[3] Hill, Georgiana, p. 18.
[4] Ibid, p. 19.
[5] Ibid., p. 25.
[6] Ibid., p. 20.
[7] Ibid., p. 12.
[8] Ibid., p. 13.
[9] Ibid., p. 22.
[10] Ibid., p. 22-23
[11] Ibid., p. 19.
[12] Earle, Alice Morse, Two Centuries of Costume in America, Volume 1, 1903 p. 336-337.

A Traditional Latin Mass Was Celebrated, Today, At The Saint Michael Altar, Saint Peter’s Basilica, On The Feast Day of Saint Michæl The Archangel.

A Traditional Latin Mass was Celebrated 

at the Saint Michael Altar in Saint Peter’s Basilica, 

Rome, today, 29 September 2026.

Illustration: RORATE CÆLI

This Article was taken from, 

and can be read in full at, RORATE CÆLI

“The Angel Gold Coin”. Mediæval Gold Coin. Replaced “The Noble”.

Angel Gold Coin.
England, Tudor. Henry VIII of England. 1509 - 1547. AV 

Angel (29mm, 5.12 g, 8h). First coinage. Tower mint; 

mm: crowned portcullis with chains. Struck 1513-1526.

hEnRIC' x VIII' x DI' x GRA x REX x AGL' x Z x FR' xx, Archangel Michael slaying the DragonPER x CRVCE' x TVA' x SALVA x nOS x XPC' x REDE', ship bearing shield and cross, 

h and rose flanking cross.Whitton p. 187, iii; cf. Schneider 561; North 1760; SCBC 2265.
English: This coin is listed in the 

Standard Catalogue of British Coins under the ID 2265.
This File is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-
Share Alike 3.0 Unported Licence.
Attribution:
Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. 

http://www.cngcoins.com

This File: 5 April 2006.

User: Carlomorino
(Wikimedia Commons)

Copilot states the following:

(Left): The image of the Archangel Michael slaying a dragon, the legend inscribed with 

“HENRIC VIII DI GRA REX AGL & FR”.

(By The Grace Of God, 

King Of England And France).

(Right): The image of an English Galley with the monogram “H” and a Rose set below the Main Top Mast; the Ship surmounted by a Shield bearing the King’s Coat-of-Arms. The legend inscribed: “PER CRVCE TVA SALVA NOS XPC REDE”. (By Thy Cross, Save Us, Christ The Redeemer.)

The Angel was an English Gold Coin, first minted in 1465 under King Edward IV and circulating until the Mid‑17th-Century. 

This Gold Coin was valued at six Shillings and eight Pence (one-third of a Pound) when introduced (the old value of 

“The Noble”, which it replaced).

Design: 

Archangel Michael spearing a Dragon on the Obverse:

A Royal Ship on the Reverse.

Origin: 

Modelled on the French “Angelot” 

(or “Ange”) minted since the 1340s.

Period of issue: 

From King Edward IV (1465) through the Tudor 

and Early-Stuart reigns; discontinued as currency by 1642.

The Angel became famous not only as money, 

but as a Royal “Touchpiece”. 

Monarchs used pierced Angels in healing ceremonies 

for “Scrofula” (“The King’s Evil”), believing the 

Coin carried Divine Virtue once touched by the Sovereign. 

This practice continued even after the Coin ceased circulating.

There was a “Half‑Angel” Coin, introduced in 1472, 

worth 3s 4d (one-sixth of a Pound).