Lincoln Cathedral (Part Four)

Text and Pictures from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,

unless otherwise accredited.

Lincoln Cathedral

Picture from Wikimedia Commons.

Photo taken by Ian Carrington

on Christmas Day, 2005.

Vaults

One major architectural feature of Lincoln Cathedral is the spectacular vaults. The varying vaults within the Cathedral are said to be both original and experimental. Simply comparing the different vaults seen in Lincoln  Cathedral clearly shows that a great deal of creativity was involved when designing. 

The vaults, especially, clearly define the experimental aspect seen at Lincoln. There are several different kinds of vaults that differ between the nave, aisles, choir, and chapels of the cathedral. 

Along the North Aisle, there is a continuous ridge rib with a regular arcade that ignores the bays. Meanwhile, on the South Aisle, there is a discontinuous ridge rib that puts an emphasis on each separate bay.

Lincoln Cathedral Chapter-House

(Picture from Wikimedia Commons)

The North-West Chapel has quadripartite vaults and the South Chapel has vaults that stem from one central support column. 

The use of sexpartite vaults allowed for more natural light to enter the Cathedral through the clerestory windows, which were placed inside of each separate bay. 

Saint Hugh’s Choir exhibits extremely unusual vaults. It is a series of asymmetrical vaults that appear to almost be a diagonal line created by two ribs on one side translating into only a single rib on the other side of the vault. This pattern divides up the space of the vaults and bays, perfectly placing the emphasis on the bays. 

The Chapter House vaults are also interesting. It is a circular building with one column where twenty ribs extend from. Each separate area of Lincoln Cathedral can be identified solely by the different vaults of the space.

Lincoln Cathedral (East End) 

Picture from Wikimedia Commons

Author: Mark Hope

Photo taken April 2004

Each vault, or each variation of the vault, is fresh and original. They illustrate innovative thinking and great creativity. There is no doubt that these vaults, and all of the other experimental aspects of Lincoln came with a slight risk; however, the results are truly wonderful.

According to the Cathedral website, over £1 million a year is spent on keeping the Cathedral in shape; the most recent project completed has been the restoration of the West Front in 2000. About ten years ago, it was discovered that the flying buttresses on the East End were no longer connected to the adjoining stonework, and repairs were made to prevent collapse. The most recent problem was the discovery that the stonework of the Dean's Eye window in the transept was crumbling, meaning that a complete reconstruction of the window has had to be carried out according to the conservation criteria set out by the International Council on Monuments and Sites.

Lincoln Cathedral's Cloisters

Picture from Wikimedia Commons

Author: Mattana

Photo taken April 2011

There was a period of great anxiety when it emerged that the stonework only needed to shift 5mm for the entire window to collapse. Specialist engineers removed the window's tracery before installing a strengthened, more stable replacement. In addition to this, the original stained glass was cleaned and set behind a new, clear, isothermal glass, which offers better protection from the elements. By April 2006, the renovation project was completed at a cost of £2 million.

PART FIVE FOLLOWS

Lincoln Cathedral (Part Three)

Text and Pictures from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 

unless otherwise accredited

Lincoln Cathedral
(Photo taken from Wikimedia Commons. 

Picture taken December 2010.

Author: Paul Stainthorp)

The Lincoln Imp

One of the stone carvings within the Cathedral is the Lincoln Imp. There are several variations of the legend surrounding the figure. 

According to 14th-Century legend, two mischievous imps were sent by Satan to do evil work on Earth. After causing mayhem, elsewhere in Northern England, the two imps headed to Lincoln Cathedral, where they smashed tables and chairs and tripped up the Bishop. An angel appeared in the Angel Choir and ordered them to stop. One of the imps sat atop a stone pillar and started throwing rocks at the angel whilst the other cowered under the broken tables and chairs. The angel turned the first imp to stone, allowing the second imp to escape. The imp that turned to stone can still be found sitting atop his stone column in the Angel Choir.

Wren library 

The Wren Library houses a rare collection of over 277 manuscripts, including the text of the Venerable Bede.

The Lincoln Imp

Rose windows

Lincoln Cathedral features two major rose windows, which are a highly uncommon feature among mediaeval architecture in England. On the North side of the Cathedral, there is the “Dean’s Eye”, which survives from the original structure of the building, and on the South side there is the “Bishop’s Eye”, which was most likely rebuilt circa 1325-1350. 

This South window is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in mediaeval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. 

A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided down into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within the window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces within the circle where the tracery would go much smaller, and easier to work with.

Lincoln Cathedral (view from the Central Tower)

(Picture taken from Wikimedia Commons. 

Author: LysNanna)

This window is also interesting and unique in that the focus of the tracery was shifted away from the centre of the circle and instead placed in other sections. The glazing of the window was equally as difficult as the tracery, for many of the same reasons; therefore, the designers made a decision to cut back on the amount of iconography within the window. Most Cathedral windows during this time displayed many colourful images of the bible; however, at Lincoln, there are very few images. Some of those images that can be seen within the window include Saints Paul, Andrew, and James.

Wooden trusses

Wooden trusses offer a solid and reliable source of support for building, because, through their joints, they are able to resist damage and remain strong. 

Triangles are the strongest shape, because, no matter where the force is being placed on them, they are able to use their three joints to their fullest extent in order to withstand it. Making trusses with triangles inside larger triangles adds even more strength, as seen in Lincoln’s choir. 

Lincoln Cathedral (South-East Door), known as The Judgement Porch. 

Engraving by E. Challis, after a picture by T Allom. Published 1837.

(Not the main door of Lincoln Cathedral, which is at the North Front)

(Picture taken from Wikimedia Commons.)

The design of all wooden trusses is a tedious task as there are many different things that need to be considered while building these supports. 

There are many different ways that the trusses can fail if they are not designed or built properly; it is therefore crucial to design trusses that suit a specific building with specific needs in mind. The simplest form of a truss is an A frame; however, the great amount of outward thrust generated here often causes the truss to fail. The addition of a tie beam creates a triangular shape, although this beam can sometimes sag if the overall truss is too large. 

Neither one of these examples would have been suitable for Lincoln, owing to the sheer size of the roof. They would have failed to support the building, so collar beams and queen posts were added to the design in order to help prevent sagging. 

To protect against wind damage, braces were added. Secondary rafters were also added to the design to ensure that the weight was equally distributed. Saint Hugh’s Choir has a total of thirty six trusses keeping the roof in place, and it is held up entirely by means of its own weight and forces.

PART FOUR FOLLOWS

Prince Alois of Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein Prince Alois has taken an extremely principled stand against Abortion.

Read more on The hermeneutic of continuity Blog by Fr Finigan at http://the-hermeneutic-of-continuity.blogspot.co.uk/

Lincoln Cathedral (Part Two)

Text and Pictures taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
unless otherwise accredited.

Lincoln Cathedral in Winter

After the additions of the Dean’s Eye and other major Gothic additions, it is believed some mistakes in the support of the tower occurred, for in 1237, the main tower collapsed. A new tower was soon started and in 1255 the Cathedral petitioned Henry III to allow them to take down part of the town wall to enlarge and expand the Cathedral, including the rebuilding of the central tower and spire. They replaced the small rounded chapels (built at the time of St Hugh) with a larger East End to the Cathedral. This was to handle the increasing number of pilgrims to the Cathedral, who came to worship at the shrine of Hugh of Lincoln.

In 1290, Eleanor of Castile died and King Edward I of England decided to honour her, his Queen Consort, with an elegant funeral procession. After her body had been embalmed, which in the 13th-Century involved evisceration, Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, and Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster Tomb there. The Lincoln Tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th-Century and replaced with a 19th-Century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two prominent statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored in the 19th-Century and they were probably not originally intended to depict the couple.

Lincoln Cathedral (interior)

Between 1307 and 1311, the central tower was raised to its present height of 83 m (271 feet). The West Towers and front of the Cathedral were also improved and heightened. At this time, a tall lead-encased wooden spire topped the central tower but was blown down in a storm in 1548. With its spire, the tower reputedly reached a height of 525 feet (160 m) (which would have made it the world's tallest structure, surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza, which held the record for almost 4,000 years). 

This height is agreed by most sources but has been doubted by others. Other additions to the Cathedral at this time included its elaborate carved screen and the 14th-Century misericords, as was the Angel Choir. For a large part of the length of the Cathedral, the walls have arches in relief with a second layer in front to give the illusion of a passageway along the wall. However the illusion does not work, as the stonemason, copying techniques from France, did not make the arches the correct length needed for the illusion to be effective.

In 1398, John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford founded a chantry in the Cathedral, to pray for the welfare of their souls, and in the 15th-Century the building of the cathedral turned to chantry or memorial chapels. The chapels, next to the Angel Choir, were built in the Perpendicular style, with an emphasis on strong vertical lines, which survive today in the window tracery and wall panelling.

Lincoln Cathedral (Central Tower).

(Photo taken from Wikimedia Commons. 

Picture taken February 2008.

Author: Allan Chapman)

Magna Carta

The Bishop of Lincoln, Hugh of Wells, was one of the signatories to the Magna Carta and for hundreds of years the Cathedral held one of the four remaining copies of the original, now securely displayed in Lincoln Castle. There are three other surviving copies; two at the British Library and one at Salisbury Cathedral.

In 2009, the Lincoln Magna Carta was loaned to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.

Little Saint Hugh

In August 1255, the body of an 8-year-old boy was found in a well in Lincoln. He had been missing for nearly a month. This incident became the source of a blood libel in the city, with Jewish residents being accused of his abduction, torture, and murder. Many Jews were arrested and eighteen were hanged. The boy became named as Little Saint Hugh to distinguish him from Saint Hugh of Lincoln, but he was never officially canonised (made a saint).

The Cathedral benefited from these events because Hugh was seen as a martyr, and many devotees came to the City and Cathedral to venerate him. Chaucer mentions the case in "The Prioress's Tale" and a ballad was written about it in 1783. 

In 1955, a plaque was put up near “the remains of the shrine of ‘Little St Hugh’” in the Cathedral, that decries the “Trumped up stories of ‘ritual murders’ of Christian boys by Jewish communities.”

PART THREE FOLLOWS

Lincoln Cathedral (Part One)

Text and Pictures taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 

unless otherwise accredited.

Lincoln Cathedral at night

Lincoln Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St. Mary's Cathedral) is a historic cathedral located in Lincoln in England and seat of the Bishop of Lincoln in the Church of England. 

It was reputedly the tallest building in the world for 249 years (1300–1549). The central spire collapsed in 1549 and was not rebuilt. It is highly regarded by architectural scholars; the eminent Victorian writer John Ruskin declared: "I have always held... that the Cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have."

Remigius de Fécamp, the first Bishop of Lincoln, moved the Episcopal seat there "some time between 1072 and 1092". About this, "Remigius ... laid the foundations of his Cathedral in 1088", and "it is probable that he, being a Norman, employed Norman masons to superintend the building ... though he could not complete the whole before his death."

Lincoln Cathedral (photo taken from Castle Hill)

Before that, writes B. Winkles, "It is well known that Remigius appropriated the parish church of St Mary Magdalene in Lincoln, although it is not known what use he made of it." Up until then, St. Mary's Church in Stow was considered to be the "mother church" of Lincolnshire (although it was not a cathedral, because the seat of the diocese was at Dorchester Abbey in Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire). However, Lincoln was more central to a diocese that stretched from the Thames to the Humber.

Bishop Remigius built the first Lincoln Cathedral on the present site, finishing it in 1092 and then dying on May 9 of that year, two days before it was consecrated. In 1141, the timber roofing was destroyed in a fire. Bishop Alexander rebuilt and expanded the Cathedral, but it was mostly destroyed by an earthquake about forty years later, in 1185.

After the earthquake, a new Bishop was appointed. He was Hugh de Burgundy of Avalon, France, who became known as St Hugh of Lincoln. He began a massive rebuilding and expansion programme. Rebuilding began with the choir (St. Hugh's Choir) and the eastern transepts between 1192 and 1210. The central nave was then built in the Early English Gothic style. 

The Norman West Front of Lincoln Cathedral

Lincoln Cathedral soon followed other architectural advances of the time — pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting were added to the Cathedral. This allowed the creation and support of larger windows.

The Cathedral is the third largest Cathedral in Britain (in floor space) after St Paul's, London, and York Minster, being 484 feet (148 m) by 271 feet (83 m). It is Lincolnshire's largest building, and, until 1549, the spire was reputedly the tallest mediaeval tower in Europe, though the exact height has been a matter of debate. Accompanying the Cathedral's large bell, "Great Tom of Lincoln", is a quarter-hour striking clock. The clock was installed in the early 19th century.

There are thirteen bells in the South-West Tower, two bells in the North-West Tower, and five bells in the Central Tower (including "Great Tom of Lincoln"). The two large stained-glass rose windows, (the matching Dean's Eye and Bishop’s Eye), were added to the Cathedral during the Late Middle Ages. The former, the Dean's Eye, in the North Transept, dates from the 1192 rebuild begun by St Hugh; it was finally completed in 1235. The latter, the Bishop’s Eye, in the South Transept, was reconstructed 100 years later in 1330. A contemporary record, “The Metrical Life of St Hugh”, refers to the meaning of these two windows (one on the dark, North, side and the other on the light, South, side of the building): "For North represents the devil, and South the Holy Spirit, and it is in these directions that the two eyes look. The Bishop faces the South, in order to invite in, and the Dean faces the North, in order to shun; the one takes care to be saved, the other takes care not to perish. With these Eyes, the Cathedral’s face is on watch for the candelabra of Heaven and the darkness of Lethe (oblivion)."

PART TWO FOLLOWS

Saint Aelred of Rievaulx (Part Two)

Text and Pictures taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
unless otherwise accredited

  

The above photo was taken from dragonhaven.plus.com 

and can be found on Google Images 

The above photo was taken from dragonhaven.plus.com

and can be found on Google Images

Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, England

Aelred (1110 A.D. – 12 January 1167 A.D.), also Aelred, Ælred, Æthelred, etc., was an English writer, Abbot of Rievaulx (from 1147 until his death), and Saint.

Aelred was one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at Hexham and himself a son of Eilaf, treasurer of Durham. He was born in Hexham, Northumbria, in 1110.

Rievaulx Abbey in Winter

Aelred spent several years at the court of King David I of Scotland, rising to the rank of Master of the Household before leaving the court at age twenty-four (in 1134) to enter the Cistercian Abbey of Rievaulx in Yorkshire. He may have been partially educated by Lawrence of Durham, who sent him a hagiography of Saint Brigid.

Aelred became the Abbot of a new house of his Order at Revesby in Lincolnshire in 1142 and in 1147 was elected Abbot of Rievaulx, itself, where he spent the remainder of his life. Under his administration, the Abbey is said to have grown to some hundred monks and four hundred lay brothers. He made annual visitations to Rievaulx's daughter-houses in England and Scotland and to the French abbeys of Cîteaux and Clairvaux.

Saint Aelred of Rievaulx wrote "Speculum caritatis" 

("The Mirror of Charity"), circa 1142

Fragmento del manuscrito medieval «De Speculo Caritatis», 

en el que aparece un retrato de Elredo de Rieval

Français : Enluminure médiévale, extraite du «De Speculo Caritatis» 

(le miroir de la charité) d'Ælred de Rievaulx

(Picture taken from Wikimedia Commons) 

Aelred wrote several influential books on Spirituality, among them Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity," reportedly written at the request of Bernard of Clairvaux) and De spiritali amicitia ("On Spiritual Friendship"). He also wrote seven works of history, addressing two of them to Henry II of England, advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendent of Anglo-Saxon kings. Until the 20th-Century, Aelred was generally known as a historian rather than as a spiritual writer; for many centuries his most famous work was his Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor.

Aelred died on January 12, 1167, at Rievaulx. He is recorded as suffering from the stone (hence his patronage) and arthritis in his later years. He is listed for January 12 in the Roman Martyrology and the calendars of various churches. 

Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, England

For his efforts in writing and administration, Aelred has been called by David Knowles the "St. Bernard of the North." Knowles, a historian of monasticism in England, also described him as "a singularly attractive figure … . No other English monk of the 12th-Century so lingers in the memory."

Extant works by Aelred include:Histories and biographies

Vita Davidis Scotorum regis ("Life of David, King of the Scots"), written circa 1153.
Genealogia regum Anglorum ("Genealogy of the Kings of the English"), written 1153–54.
Relatio de standardo ("On the Account of the Standard"), also De bello standardii  ("On the Battle of the Standard"), 1153–54.

Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris "The Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor," 1161–63.
Vita S. Niniani ("The Life of Saint Ninian"), 1154–60.
De miraculis Hagustaldensis ecclesiae ("On the Miracles of the Church of Hexham"), circa 1155.
De quodam miraculo miraculi", also known as "[De Sanctimoniali de Wattun|De sanctimoniali de Wattun]" ("A Certain Wonderful Miracle" or "The Nun of Watton"), circa 1160 Spiritual Treatises.
Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity"), circa 1142.
De Iesu puero duodenni ("Jesus as a Boy of Twelve"), 1160-62.
De spiritali amicitia ("Spiritual Friendship"), 1164-67.
De institutione inclusarum ("The Formation of Anchoresses"), 1160–62.
Oratio pastoralis ("Pastoral Prayer"), circa 1163–67.
De anima ("On the Soul"), circa 1164-67, many sermons.

All of Aelred's works have appeared in translation, most in English, but all in French.

Issues of sexuality

Aelred's work, private letters, and his "Life", by Walter Daniel, another 12th-Century monk of Rievaulx, have led historians, such as John Boswell of Yale University and Brian Patrick McGuire of Roskilde University in Denmark, to suggest that he was homosexual. For example, in writing to an anchoress in "The Formation of Anchoresses", Aelred speaks of his youth as the time when she held on to her virtue and he lost his. 

All of his works, nevertheless, encourage virginity among the unmarried and chastity in marriage and widowhood and warn against any sexual activity outside of marriage; in all his works in later life he treats of extra-marital sexual relationships as forbidden and condemns "unnatural relations" as a rejection of charity and the law of God. He criticized the absence of pastoral care for a young nun who experienced rape, pregnancy, beating, and a miraculous delivery in the Gilbertine community of Watton.

The General Roman Calendar of 1954 (Part Three)

Text and Pictures taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
unless otherwise accredited

Moveable Feasts

The moveable Feasts are those connected with the Easter cycle, and Easter is the date relative to which their position is ultimately determined. The date of Easter is determined relative to the lunar calendar as used by the Hebrews.

The rule has since the Middle Ages been phrased as “Easter is observed on the Sunday after the first full moon on or after the day of the vernal equinox.” However, this does not reflect the actual ecclesiastical rules precisely. One reason for this is that the full moon involved (called the Paschal full moon) is not an astronomical full moon, but an ecclesiastical moon.

Another difference is that the astronomical vernal equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 20 or 21 March, while the ecclesiastical vernal equinox is a fixed March 21 (on the Gregorian Calendar).

Easter is determined from tables which determine Easter based on the ecclesiastical rules described above, which do not always coincide with the astronomical full moon. The moveable Feasts are given below:

Septuagesima Sunday (9th Sunday before Easter)
Sexagesima Sunday (8th Sunday before Easter)
Quinquagesima Sunday (7th Sunday before Easter)
Ash Wednesday (Wednesday after Quinquagesima Sunday)
Passion Sunday (Sunday 2 weeks before Easter)
Feast of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin Mary (Friday after 2nd Sunday before Easter)
Palm Sunday (Sunday before Easter)
Holy Thursday (Thursday before Easter)
Good Friday (Friday before Easter)
Holy Saturday (Saturday before Easter)
Easter Sunday, the Solemnity of Solemnities, the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ
Low Sunday (Sunday after Easter)
The Solemnity of St. Joseph, spouse of the Virgin Mary, confessor, and patron of the Universal Church (Wednesday after the 2nd Sunday after Easter)
The Octave of St. Joseph, spouse of the Virgin Mary, confessor and patron of the Universal Church (Wednesday after the 3rd Sunday after Easter)
The Lesser Litanies at St. Mary Major (Monday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Lesser Litanies at St. John Lateran (Tuesday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Vigil of the Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lesser Litanies at St. Peter's (Wednesday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Ascension (Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Octave of the Ascension (Thursday after the 6th Sunday after Easter)
The Vigil of Pentecost (Saturday after the 6th Sunday after Easter)
Pentecost (7th Sunday after Easter)
Holy Trinity and the Octave of Pentecost (8th Sunday after Easter)
Corpus Christi (Thursday after the 8th Sunday after Easter)
Octave of Corpus Christi (Thursday after the 9th Sunday after Easter)
Sacred Heart of Jesus (Friday after the 9th Sunday after Easter)
Octave of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Friday after the 10th Sunday after Easter)

The 1954 Calendar assigned special celebrations also to the days within these Octaves, as to the days within the Octaves of Fixed Feasts.

Feasts celebrated in some places

The pre-1962 Roman Missal also listed a number of celebrations in the section headed "Mass for Some Places".

These celebrations were:

The Holy House of Loreto (10 December)
The Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (18 December)
The Betrothal of the Virgin Mary with Saint Joseph (23 January)
Saint Ildephonsus (23 January)
The Flight into Egypt (17 February)
Saint Margaret of Cortona (26 February)
The Prayer of Christ (Tuesday after Septuagesima)
Commemoration of the Passion of Christ (Tuesday after Sexagesima)
The Sacred Crown of Thorns (Friday after Ash Wednesday)
The Sacred Lance and Nails (Friday after the First Sunday in Lent)
The Holy Shroud (Friday after the Second Sunday in Lent)
The Five Holy Wounds (Friday after the Third Sunday in Lent)
The Precious Blood (Friday after the Fourth Sunday in Lent)
Saint Catherine of Genoa (22 March)
Saint Benedict Joseph Labre (16 April)
Our Lady of Good Counsel (26 April)
Saint Isidore the Farmer (15 May)
Saint John Nepomucene (16 May)
Saint Rita of Cascia (22 May)
Saint John Baptist de Rossi (23 May)
Our Lady Help of Christians (24 May)
Saint Ferdinand III (30 May)
Saint Joan of Arc (30 May)
Our Lady Queen of All Saints and Mother of Fair Love (31 May)
Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces (31 May)
Our Lady Queen of the Apostles (Saturday after the Ascension)
The Eucharistic Heart of Jesus (Thursday the Sacred Heart)
The Immaculate Heart of Mary (Saturday after the Octave of the Sacred Heart of Jesus)
Our Lady Mother of Grace (9 June)
Saint John Francis Regis (16 June)
Our Lady of Prompt Succor (27 June)
All Holy Popes (3 July)
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (7 July)
Saint Veronica Giuliani (9 July)
Humility of the Blessed Virgin Mary (17 July)
Our Lady Mother of Mercy (Saturday after the 4th Sunday of July)
Saint Emygdius (9 August)
Saint Philomena (11 August)
Our Lady Refuge of Sinners (13 August)
Saint John Berchmans (13 August)
Saint Roch (16 August)
Empress Helena (18 August)
Our Lady of Consolation (Saturday after the Feast of St. Augustine)
Our Lady Help of the Sick (Saturday after the last Sunday in August)
Saint Rose of Viterbo (4 September)
Saint Peter Claver (9 September)
Saint Gregory the Illuminator (1 October)
Purity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (16 October)
Feast of the Holy Redeemer (23 October)
The Sacred Relics (5 November)
Saint Stanislaus Kostka (13 November)
Our Lady Mother of Divine Providence (Saturday after the 3rd Sunday in November)
St. Leonard of Port Maurice (26 November)
Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal (27 November)

This concludes the Article on The General Roman Calendar of 1954

Saint Aelred of Rievaulx (Part One)

Aelred of Rievaulx: In the Cross of Christ there is Death, and in the Cross of Christ there is Life

This Article is to be found on ENLARGING THE HEART

Be careful…to reflect not only on the fact of this redemption but also on two other points: the manner in which this redemption was wrought, and the place in which it was wrought.

The manner of redemption is the suffering of the Cross; the place, outside the city.

Rievaulx Abbey, where Saint Aelred was Abbot 
from 1147 A.D. - 1167 A.D.

Let us then learn from the Cross of Jesus our proper way of living.

Should I say ‘living’ or, instead, ‘dying’? Rather, both living and dying.

Dying to the world, living for God.

Dying to vices and living by the virtues.

Dying to the flesh, but liv­ing in the spirit.

Thus in the Cross of Christ there is death and in the Cross of Christ there is life.

The death of death is there, and the life of life.

The death of sins is there and the life of the virtues.

The death of the flesh is there, and the life of the spir­it.

But why did God choose this manner of death?

He chose it as both a mystery and an example.

In addition, he chose it because our sickness was such as to make such a remedy appropriate.

It was fitting that we who had fallen because of a tree might rise up because of a tree.

Fitting that the one who had con­quered by means of a tree might also be conquered by means of a tree.

Fitting that we who had eaten the fruit of death from a tree might be given the fruit of life from a tree.

And because we had fallen from the security of that most blessed place on earth into this great, expansive sea, it was fitting that wood should be made ready to carry us across it.

For no one cross­es the sea except on wood, or this world except on the Cross.

Let me say something now about the mystery contained in the manner of our redemption.

[...] When a Cross is set upright, the head is directed to heaven and the feet to earth, and the outstretched arms to what is located between heaven and earth.

[...] Do you see, now, the mystery in the kind of death Christ chose?

[...] St Paul says: He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death, even to the death of the Cross.

And, revealing the mystery, he says: Therefore God exalted him and gave him the name that is above all names, so that at the name of Jesus every knee might bend of those who are in heaven, on earth, and under the earth.

Since, then, he was to take possession of heaven and earth through the Cross, on the Cross he embraced heaven and earth.

Aelred of Rievaulx (1110 – 1167): In Hebd. Sancta, sermon 36.1-2.4 (CCM 2A:294-295); from the Monastic Office of Vigils, Palm Sunday, Year 2.

Saint Benedict of Nursia

" But in process of time and growth of faith, when the heart has once been enlarged, the way of God’s commandments is run with unspeakable sweetness of love. ~ Benedict of Nursia ~"

The above quote is taken from the Blog ENLARGING THE HEART

I recommend this Blog to all Readers.

Saint Catherine of Siena

A most interesting Article on Saint Catherine of Siena, entitled "Catherine of Siena: The Fire of Divine, Most Ardent, and Immeasurable Love", can be found at ENLARGING THE HEART

I recommend it to all Readers.

The General Roman Calendar of 1954 (Part Two)

Text and Pictures taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
unless otherwise accredited

Vigils

In the Tridentine Calendar. the Vigils of Christmas, Epiphany, and Pentecost, were called "Major Vigils"; the rest were "Minor" or "Common" Vigils. In early times, every Feast Day had a Vigil, but the increase in the number of Feast Days, and abuses connected with the evening and night service, of which the Vigils originally consisted, led to their being diminished.

Nevertheless, the Roman Rite kept many more Vigils than other Latin Liturgical Rites, such as the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite. If a Vigil fell on a Sunday, it was transferred to the previous Saturday, although the Vigil of Christmas took precedence over the Fourth Sunday of Advent.

Prior to the suppression of some Vigils by Pope Pius XII in 1955, there were three Classes of Vigils:

The Vigils of Christmas and Pentecost were of the First-Class, and took precedence over any Feast Day;

The Vigil of Epiphany was of the Second-Class, and permitted only Doubles of the First- or Second-Classes, or any Feast of the Lord;

All other Vigils were "Common" and took precedence only over Ferias and Simple Feast Days, but were anticipated on Saturday if they fell on Sunday.

Most Feasts of the Apostles had Vigils; the exceptions being those which fell in Eastertide, when Vigils were not permitted. The Vigil of Saint Matthias was unique, in that it was normally commemorated on 23 February, the Feast Day of Saint Peter Damian, but, in Leap Year, was kept on 24 February, the traditional Leap Day of the Roman Calendar.

Octaves

The Tridentine Calendar had many Octaves, without any indication in the Calendar of distinction of rank between them, apart from the fact that the Octave Day (the final day of the Octave) was ranked higher than the days within the Octave. Several Octaves overlapped, so that, for instance, on 29 December, the prayer of the Saint of the day, Saint Thomas Becket, was followed by the prayers of Christmas, of Saint Stephen, of Saint John the Evangelist and of the Holy Innocents. The situation remained such until the reform of Pope Saint Pius X.

To cut down on the monotony of repeating the same prayers in Mass and Office every day for eight days, Pope Saint Pius X classified the Octaves as "Privileged", "Common" or "Simple".

The Privileged Octaves were of three "Ranks":

The First Rank belonged to Easter and Pentecost (permitting no Feast Day to be celebrated during them, nor even to be Commemorated until Vespers on Tuesday);

The Second Rank belonged to Epiphany and Corpus Christi (the Octave Day ranked as a Greater Double, the days within the Octave as Semi-Doubles, giving way only to Doubles of the First-Class, and on the Octave Day only to a Double of the First-Class, which was celebrated in the entire Church);

The Third Rank belonged to Christmas, the Ascension, and the Sacred Heart (these gave way to any Feast Day above the level of Simple).

The Common Octaves were those of the Immaculate Conception, the Assumption, the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, Saints Peter and Paul, and All Saints, as well as, locally, the principal Patron Saint of a Church, Cathedral, Order, Town, Diocese, Province, or Nation. These, too, gave way to any Feast Day above the level of Simple; the difference between these and the Third Privileged Rank was that Ferial Psalms were said during Common Octaves, while the Psalms from the Feast Day were used during Privileged Octaves.

The Simple Octaves were those of Saint Stephen, Saint John the Evangelist, the Holy Innocents, Saint Lawrence, the Nativity of Mary and, locally, Secondary Patrons. These were all Doubles of the Second-Class, their Octave Day was Simple and, in contrast to the situation before Pope Saint Pius X, their Mass was not repeated, nor a Commemoration made, except on the Octave Day, as Simple Octaves had no days within the Octave.

In Pope Pius XII's reform, only the Octaves of Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were kept. The days within the Easter and Pentecost Octaves were raised to Double Rite, had precedence over all Feast Days, and did not admit Commemorations.

January

January 1: Circumcision of the Lord and Octave of the Nativity, Double of the Second-Class.
January 2: Octave of St. Stephen Protomartyr, Simple.
January 3: Octave of St. John Apostle and Evangelist, Simple.
January 4: Octave of the Holy Innocents Martyrs, Simple.
January 5: Vigil of the Epiphany, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Telesphorus, Pope and Martyr.
January 6: Epiphany of the Lord, Double of the First-Class with a Privileged Octave of the Second-Rank.
January 7: Of the Second Day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semi-Double.
January 8: Of the Third Day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semi-Double.
January 9: Of the Fourth Day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semi-Double.
January 10: Of the Fifth Day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semi-Double.
January 11: Of the Sixth Day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Hyginus. Pope and Martyr.
January 12: Of the Seventh Day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semi-Double.
January 13: Octave of the Epiphany, Greater Double.
January 14: St. Hilary Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of St. Felix Priest and Martyr.
January 15: St. Paul, First Hermit, Confessor, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Maurus.
January 16: St. Marcellus I, Pope and Martyr, Semi-Double.
January 17: St. Anthony, Double.
January 18: Chair of St. Peter Apostle at Rome, Greater Double, Commemoration of St. Paul Apostle, and of St. Prisca, Virgin and Martyr.
January 19: Ss. Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum, Martyrs, Simple, Commemoration of St. Canute, Martyr.
January 20: Ss. Fabian, Pope, and Sebastian, Martyrs, Double.
January 21: St. Agnes, Roman Virgin and Martyr, Double.
January 22: Ss. Vincent and Anastasius, Martyrs, Semi-Double.
January 23: St. Raymund of Peñafort, Confessor, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Emerentiana, Virgin and Martyr.
January 24: St. Timothy, Bishop and Martyr, Double.
January 25: Conversion of St. Paul, Apostle, Greater Double, Commemoration of St. Peter.
January 26: St. Polycarp, Bishop and Martyr, Double.
January 27: St. John Chrysostom, Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
January 28: St. Peter Nolasco, Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Agnes. Virgin and Martyr. Double.
January 29: St. Francis de Sales, Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
January 30: St. Martina, Virgin and Martyr, Semi-Double.
January 31: St. John Bosco, Confessor, Double.

Sunday between the Circumcision and Epiphany [or January 2, when no such Sunday occurs]: The most holy Name of Jesus, Double of the Second- Class.

Sunday within the Octave of the Epiphany: The Most Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, Joseph, Greater Double.

February

February 1: St. Ignatius, Bishop and Martyr, Double.
February 2: Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class.
February 3: St. Blase, Bishop and Martyr, Simple.
February 4: St. Andrew Corsini, Bishop and Confessor, Double.
February 5: St. Agatha, Virgin Martyr, Double.
February 6: St. Titus Bishop and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Dorothy Virgin Martyr.
February 7: St. Romuald Abbot, Double.
February 8: St. John of Matha Confessor, Double.
February 9: St. Cyril Bishop of Alexandria, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of St. Apollonia Virgin Martyr.
February 10: St. Scholastica Virgin, Double.
February 11: Apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary Immaculate, Greater Double.
February 12: The Seven Holy Founders of the Order of Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Confessors, Double.
February 13: Feria.
February 14: St. Valentine Priest and Martyr, Simple.
February 15: Ss. Faustinus and Jovita Martyrs, Simple.
February 16: Feria
February 17: Feria
February 18: St. Simeon Bishop and Martyr, Simple.
February 19: Feria
February 20: Feria
February 21: Feria
February 22: Chair of St. Peter at Antioch, Greater Double, Commemoration of St. Paul.
February 23: St. Peter Damian Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Vigil.
February 24: St. Matthias Apostle, Double of the Second-Class.
February 25: Feria
February 26: Feria
February 27: St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, Double
February 28: Feria

In Leap Year, the month of February is of 29 days, and the Feast of St. Matthias is celebrated on the 25th day and the Feast of St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows on the 28th day of February, and twice is said Sexto Kalendas, that is on the 24th and 25th; and the dominical letter, which was taken up in the month of January, is changed to the preceding; that, if in January, the dominical letter was A, it is changed to the preceding, which is g, etc.; and the letter f is kept twice, on the 24th and 25th.

March

March 1: Feria

March 2: Feria

March 3: Feria
March 4: St. Casimir Confessor, Semidouble, Commemoration of St. Lucius I Pope and Martyr.
March 5: Feria

March 6: Ss. Perpetua and Felicity Martyrs, Double.
March 7: St. Thomas Aquinas Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.
March 8: St. John of God Confessor, Double.
March 9: St. Frances of Rome Widow, Double.
March 10: The Forty Holy Martyrs, Semi-Double.
March 11: Feria
March 12: St. Gregory I Pope, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
March 13: Feria
March 14: Feria
March 15: Feria
March 16: Feria
March 17: St. Patrick Bishop and Confessor, Double.
March 18: St. Cyril Bishop of Jerusalem, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
March 19: St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, and Patron of the Universal Church, Double of the First-Class.
March 20: Feria
March 21: St. Benedict Abbot, Greater Double.
March 22: Feria
March 23: Feria
March 24: St. Gabriel the Archangel, Greater Double.
March 25: Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the First-Class.
March 26: Feria
March 27: St. John Damascene Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double
March 28: St. John Capistran Confessor, Double
March 29: Feria
March 30: Feria
March 31: Feria

Friday after Passion Sunday: Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Greater Double, Commemoration of the Feria.

April

April 1: Feria
April 2: St. Francis of Paula Confessor, Double.
April 3: Feria
April 4: St. Isidore Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
April 5: St. Vincent Ferrer Confessor, Double.
April 6: Feria
April 7: Feria
April 8: Feria
April 9: Feria
April 10: Feria
April 11: St. Leo I Pope, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
April 12: Feria
April 13: St. Hermenegild Martyr, Semi-Double.
April 14: St. Justin Martyr, Double, Commemoration of Saints Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus, Martyrs.
April 15: Feria
April 16: Feria
April 17: St. Anicetus Pope and Martyr, Simple.
April 18: Feria
April 19: Feria
April 20: Feria
April 21: St. Anselm Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
April 22: Ss. Soter and Cajus Popes and Martyrs, Semi-Double.
April 23: St. George Martyr, Semi-Double.
April 24: St. Fidelis of Sigmaringen Martyr, Double.
April 25: St. Mark Evangelist, Double of the Second-Class.
April 26: Ss. Cletus and Marcellinus Popes and Martyrs, Semi-Double.
April 27: St. Peter Canisius Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.
April 28: St. Paul of the Cross Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Vitalis Martyr.
April 29: St. Peter of Verona Martyr, Double.
April 30: St. Catherine of Siena Virgin, Double.

Wednesday within the Second Week after the Octave of Easter: Solemnity of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, and Patron of the Universal Church, Double of the First-Class with a Common Octave.

Wednesday within the Third Week after the Octave of Easter: Octave of St. Joseph, Greater Double.

May

May 1: Ss. Philip and James Apostles, Double of the Second-Class.
May 2: St. Athanasius, Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
May 3: Invention of the Holy Cross, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of Ss. Alexander I,  Pope, Eventius and Theodulus Martyrs, and Juvenal, Bishop and Confessor.
May 4: St. Monica Widow, Double.
May 5: St. Pius V Pope and Confessor, Double.
May 6: St. John Apostle before the Latin Gate, Greater Double.
May 7: St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr, Double.
May 8: Apparition of St. Michael, Greater Double
May 9: St. Gregory Nazianzen Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
May 10: St. Antoninus Bishop and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Gordian and Epimachus Martyrs.
May 11: Feria
May 12: Ss. Nereus, Achilleus, Domitilla Virgin, and Pancras Martyrs, Semi-Double.
May 13: St. Robert Bellarmine Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
May 14: St. Boniface Martyr, Simple.
May 15: St. John Baptist de la Salle Confessor, Double.
May 16: St. Ubald Bishop and Confessor, Semi-Double.
May 17: St. Paschal Baylon Confessor, Double.
May 18: St. Venantius Martyr, Double.
May 19: St. Peter Celestine Pope and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Pudentiana Virgin.
May 20: St. Bernardine of Siena Confessor, Semi-Double.
May 21: Feria
May 22: Feria
May 23: Feria
May 24: Feria
May 25: St. Gregory VII Pope and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Urban I Pope and Martyr, Double.
May 26: St. Philip Neri Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Eleutherius Pope and Martyr.
May 27: St. Bede the Venerable Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Commemoration of St. John I Pope and Martyr, Double.
May 28: St. Augustine Bishop and Confessor, Double.
May 29: St. Mary Magdalen de Pazzi Virgin, Semi-Double.
May 30: St. Felix I Pope and Martyr, Double.
May 31: St. Angela Merici Virgin, Double, Commemoration of St. Petronilla Virgin.

June

June 1: Feria.
June 2: Ss. Marcellinus, Peter, and Erasmus Bishop, Martyrs, Simple.
June 3: Feria
June 4: St. Francis Caracciolo Confessor, Double.
June 5: St. Boniface Bishop and Martyr, Double.
June 6: St. Norbert Bishop and Confessor, Double.
June 7: Feria
June 8: Feria
June 9: Ss. Primus and Felician Martyrs, Simple.
June 10: St. Margaret Queen, Widow, Semi-Double.
June 11: St. Barnabas Apostle, Greater Double.
June 12: St. John of San Facundo Confessor, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius Martyrs.
June 13: St. Anthony of Padua Confessor, Double.
June 14: St. Basil the Great Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
June 15: Ss. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia Martyrs, Simple.
June 16: Feria
June 17: Feria
June 18: St. Ephraem Syrus Deacon, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Mark and Marcellianus Martyrs.
June 19: St. Juliana Falconieri Virgin, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Gervase and Protase Martyrs.
June 20: St. Silverius Pope and Martyr, Simple.
June 21: St. Aloysius Gonzaga Confessor, Double.
June 22: St. Paulinus Bishop and Confessor, Double
June 23: Vigil.
June 24: The Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Double of the First-Class with a Common Octave.
June 25: St. William Abbot, Double, Commemoration of the Octave.
June 26: Ss. John and Paul Martyrs, Double, Commemoration of the Octave.
June 27: Of the Fourth Day within the Octave of St. John the Baptist, Semi-Double.
June 28: St. Irenaeus Bishop and Martyr, Double, Commemoration of the Octave and of the Vigil.
June 29: Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Double of the First-Class with a Common Octave.
June 30: Commemoration of St. Paul Apostle, Greater Double, Commemoration of St. Peter Apostle and of the Octave of St. John the Baptist.

July

July 1: The Most Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the First-Class, Commemoration of the Octave Day of St. John the Baptist.
July 2: Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of Ss. Processus and Martinian Martyrs.
July 3: St. Leo II Pope and Confessor, Semi-Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Holy Apostles.
July 4: Of the Sixth Day within the Octave of Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Semi-Double.
July 5: St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Holy Apostles.
July 6: Octave of Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Greater Double.
July 7: Ss. Cyril and Methodius Bishops and Confessors, Double.
July 8: St. Elizabeth Queen, Widow, Semi-Double.
July 9: Feria
July 10: The Seven Holy Brothers Martyrs, Semi-Double, and Ss. Rufina and Secunda Virgins and Martyrs.
July 11: St. Pius I Pope and Martyr, Simple.
July 12: St. John Gualbert Abbot, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Nabor and Felix Martyrs.
July 13: St. Anacletus Pope and Martyr, Semi-Double.
July 14: St. Bonaventure Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
July 15: St. Henry II Emperor, Confessor, Semi-Double.
July 16: Commemoration of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mt. Carmel, Greater Double.
July 17: St. Alexius Confessor, Semi-Double.
July 18: St. Camillus de Lellis Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Symphorosa and her Seven Sons Martyrs.
July 19: St. Vincent de Paul Confessor, Double.
July 20: St. Jerome Emiliani Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Margaret Virgin Martyr.
July 21: St. Praxedes Virgin, Simple.
July 22: St. Mary Magdalene Penitent, Double.
July 23: St. Apollinaris Martyr, Double, Commemoration of St. Liborius Bishop and Confessor.
July 24: Vigil of St. James, Apostle. Commemoration of St. Christina Virgin and Martyr.
July 25: St. James Apostle, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of St. Christopher Martyr.
July 26: St. Anne Mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class.
July 27: St. Pantaleon Martyr, Simple.
July 28: Ss. Nazarius and Celsus Martyrs, Victor I Pope and Martyr, and St. Innocent I Pope and Confessor, Semi-Double.
July 29: St. Martha Virgin, Semi-Double, Commemoration of Ss. Felix II Pope, Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrice Martyrs.
July 30: Ss. Abdon and Sennen Martyrs, Simple.
July 31: St. Ignatius Confessor, Double.

August

August 1: St. Peter in Chains, Greater Double, Commemoration of St. Paul and the Holy Machabees Martyrs.
August 2: St. Alphonsus Mary of Liguori Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of St. Stephen I Pope and Martyr.
August 3: Invention of St. Stephen Protomartyr, Semi-Double.
August 4: St. Dominic Confessor, Greater Double.
August 5: Dedication of Our Lady of the Snows, Greater Double.
August 6: Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of Ss. Xystus II Pope, Felicissimus and Agapitus Martyrs.
August 7: St. Cajetan Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Donatus Bishop and Martyr.
August 8: Ss. Cyriacus, Largus and Smaragdus Martyrs, Semi-Double.
August 9: St. John Vianney Confessor and Priest, Double, Commemoration of the Vigil and St. Romanus Martyr.
August 10: St. Laurence Martyr, Double of the Second-Class with a Simple Octave.
August 11: Ss. Tiburtius and Susanna Virgin, Martyrs, Simple.
August 12: St. Clare Virgin, Double.
August 13: Ss. Hippolytus and Cassian Martyrs, Simple.
August 14: Vigil. Commemoration of St. Eusebius Confessor.
August 15: Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the First-Class with a Common Octave.
August 16: St. Joachim Father of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, Double of the Second-Class.
August 17: St. Hyacinth Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Assumption and the Octave Day of St. Laurence.
August 18: Of the Fourth Day within the Octave of the Assumption, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Agapitus Martyr.
August 19: St. John Eudes Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Assumption.
August 20: St. Bernard Abbot, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Assumption.
August 21: St. Jane Frances de Chantal Widow, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Assumption.
August 22: Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of Ss. Timothy, Hippolytus Bishop, and Symphorianus Martyrs.
August 23: St. Philip Benizi Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Vigil.
August 24: St. Bartholomew Apostle, Double of the Second-Class.
August 25: St. Louis King, Confessor, Semi-Double.
August 26: St. Zephyrinus Pope Martyr, Simple.
August 27: St. Joseph Calasanctius Confessor, Double.
August 28: St. Augustine Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of St. Hermes Martyr.
August 29: Beheading of St. John the Baptist, Greater Double, Commemoration of St. Sabina Martyr.
August 30: St. Rose of St. Mary Virgin of Lima, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Felix and Adauctus Martyrs.
August 31: St. Raymond Nonnatus Confessor, Double.

September

September 1: St. Giles Abbot, Simple, Commemoration of the Holy Twelve Brothers Martyrs.
September 2: St. Stephen King, Confessor, Semi-Double.
September 3: St. Pius X Pope and Confessor, Double.
September 4: Feria
September 5: St. Laurence Justinian Bishop and Confessor, Semi-Double.
September 6: Feria
September 7: Feria
September 8: Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class with a Simple Octave, Commemoration of St. Adrian Martyr.
September 9: St. Gorgonius Martyr, Simple.
September 10: St. Nicholas of Tolentino Confessor, Double.
September 11: Ss. Protus and Hyacinth Martyrs, Simple.
September 12: The Most Holy Name of Mary, Greater Double.
September 13: Feria
September 14: Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Greater Double.
September 15: Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of St. Nicomedes Martyr.
September 16: St. Cornelius Pope and St. Cyprian Bishop, Martyrs, Semi-Double, Commemoration of Ss. Euphemia Virgin, Lucy and Geminian Martyrs.
September 17: Impression of the sacred Stigmata of St. Francis Confessor, Double.
September 18: St. Joseph of Cupertino Confessor, Double.
September 19: St. Januarius Bishop and Companions Martyrs, Double.
September 20: St. Eustace and Companions Martyrs, Double, Commemoration of the Vigil.
September 21: St. Matthew Apostle and Evangelist, Double of the Second-Class.
September 22: St. Thomas of Villanova Bishop and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Maurice and Companions Martyrs.
September 23: St. Linus Pope and Martyr, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Thecla Virgin and Martyr.
September 24: Our Lady of Ransom, Greater Double.
September 25: Feria
September 26: Ss. Cyprian and Justina Virgin, Martyrs, Simple.
September 27: Ss. Cosmas and Damian Martyrs, Semi-Double.
September 28: St. Wenceslaus Duke, Martyr, Semi-Double.
September 29: Dedication of St. Michael Archangel, Double of the First-Class.
September 30: St. Jerome Priest, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.

October

October 1: St. Remigius Bishop and Confessor, Simple.
October 2: The Holy Guardian Angels, Greater Double.
October 3: St. Teresa of the Child Jesus Virgin, Double.
October 4: St. Francis of Assisi Confessor, Greater Double.
October 5: St. Placid and Companions Martyrs, Simple.
October 6: St. Bruno Confessor, Double.
October 7: The Most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of St. Mark Pope and Confessor, and Ss. Sergius, Bacchus, Marcellus and Apuleius Martyrs.
October 8: St. Bridget Widow, Double.
October 9: St. John Leonard Confessor, Semi-Double, St. Denis Bishop, Rusticus Priest, and Eleutherius Martyrs.
October 10: St. Francis Borgia Confessor, Semi-Double.
October 11: The Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the Second-Class.
October 12: Feria
October 13: St. Edward King, Confessor, Semi-Double.
October 14: St. Callistus I Pope and Martyr, Double.
October 15: St. Teresa Virgin, Double.
October 16: St. Hedwig Widow, Semi-Double.
October 17: St. Margaret Mary Alacoque Virgin, Double.
October 18: St. Luke Evangelist, Double of the Second-Class.
October 19: St. Peter of Alcantara Confessor, Double.
October 20: St. John Cantius Confessor, Double.
October 21: St. Hilarion Abbot, Simple, Commemoration of St. Ursula and Companions Virgins and Martyrs.
October 22: Feria
October 23: Feria
October 24: St. Raphael Archangel, Greater Double.
October 25: Ss. Chrysanthus and Daria Martyrs, Simple.
October 26: St. Evaristus Pope and Martyr, Simple.
October 27: Vigil.
October 28: Ss. Simon and Jude Apostles, Double of the Second-Class.
October 29: Feria
October 30: Feria
October 31: Vigil.

Last Sunday in October: The Feast of Our Lord Jesus, Christ the King, Double of the First-Class, Commemoration of the Sunday.

November

November 1: All Saints, Double of the First-Class.
November 2: Commemoration of all the Faithful Departed, Double.
November 3: Of the Third Day within the Octave of All Saints, Semi-Double.
November 4: St. Charles Bishop and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of All Saints and Ss. Vitalis and Agricola Martyrs.
November 5: Of the Fifth Day within the Octave of All Saints, Semi-Double.
November 6: Of the Sixth Day within the Octave of All Saints, Semi-Double.
November 7: Of the Seventh Day within the Octave of All Saints, Semi-Double.
November 8: Octave of All Saints, Greater Double, Commemoration of the Holy Four Crowned Martyrs.
November 9: Dedication of the Archbasilica of the Most Holy Saviour, Double of the Second-Class, Commemoration of St. Theodore Martyr.
November 10: St. Andrew Avellino Confessor, Double, Commemoration of Ss. Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha Martyrs.
November 11: St. Martin Bishop and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of St. Mennas Martyr.
November 12: St. Martin I Pope and Martyr, Semi-Double.
November 13: St. Didacus Confessor, Semi-Double.
November 14: St. Josaphat Bishop and Martyr, Double.
November 15: St. Albert the Great Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
November 16: St. Gertrude Virgin, Double.
November 17: St. Gregory Thaumaturgus Bishop and Confessor, Semi-Double.
November 18: Dedication of the Basilicas of Ss. Peter and Paul, Greater Double
November 19: St. Elisabeth Widow, Double, Commemoration of St. Pontianus Pope and Martyr.
November 20: St. Felix of Valois Confessor, Double.
November 21: Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Greater Double
November 22: St. Cecilia Virgin and Martyr, Double.
November 23: St. Clement I Pope and Martyr, Double, Commemoration of St. Felicitas Martyr.
November 24: St. John of the Cross Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of St. Chrysogonus Martyr.
November 25: St. Catherine Virgin and Martyr, Double.
November 26: St. Sylvester Abbot, Double, Commemoration of St. Peter of Alexandria Bishop and Martyr.
November 27: Feria
November 28: Feria
November 29: Vigil. Commemoration of St. Saturninus.
November 30: St. Andrew Apostle, Double of the Second-Class.

December

December 1: Feria
December 2: St. Bibiana Virgin and Martyr, Semi-Double.
December 3: St. Francis Xavier Confessor, Greater Double.
December 4: St. Peter Chrysologus Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of St. Barbara Virgin and Martyr.
December 5: Feria. Commemoration of St. Sabbas Abbot.
December 6: St. Nicholas Bishop and Confessor, Double.
December 7: St. Ambrose Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Commemoration of the Vigil.
December 8: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the First-Class.
December 9: Of the Second Day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semi-Double.
December 10: Of the Third Day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semi-Double, Commemoration of St. Melchiades Pope and Martyr.
December 11: St. Damasus I Pope and Confessor, Semi-Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Immaculate Conception.
December 12: Of the Fifth Day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semi-Double.
December 13: St. Lucy Virgin and Martyr, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Immaculate Conception.
December 14: Of the Seventh Day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semi-Double.
December 15: Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Greater Double.
December 16: St. Eusebius Bishop and Martyr, Semi-Double.
December 17: Feria
December 18: Feria
December 19: Feria
December 20: Vigil.
December 21: St. Thomas Apostle, Double of the Second-Class.
December 22: Feria
December 23: Feria
December 24: Vigil.
December 25: Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the First-Class with a Privileged Octave of the Third Rank.December 26: St. Stephen Proto-Martyr, Double of the Second-Class with a Simple Octave, Commemoration of the Octave of the Nativity.
December 27: St. John Apostle and Evangelist, Double of the Second-Class with a Simple Octave, Commemoration of the Octave of the Nativity.
December 28: The Holy Innocents, Double of the Second-Class with a Simple Octave, Commemoration of the Octave of the Nativity.
December 29: St. Thomas Bishop and Martyr, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Nativity.
December 30: Of the Sixth Day within the Octave of the Nativity, Semi-Double.
December 31: St. Sylvester I Pope and Confessor, Double, Commemoration of the Octave of the Nativity.

Although not listed on the General Calendar, a Commemoration of St. Anastasia Martyr is made at the Second Mass on December 25.

PART THREE FOLLOWS