Illustration and Text, unless stated otherwise: FORCES.NET
What Are Dazzle Ships ?
The “Dazzle” camouflage paint scheme became a popular tactic for Vessels to deceive an Enemy in The First and Second World Wars.
From 1905, The Royal Navy began painting their Ships Grey.
Towards the end of The First World War, the “Dazzle” paint scheme of contrasting shapes and colours, at striking angles, was first introduced by The Naval Service, with many Navies across the World following suit.
The concept was invented by The Royal Navy Officer and artist, Norman Wilkinson, during the First World War.
He came up with the idea during The First Battle of The Atlantic in 1917, as Britain struggled to deal with the threat from U-boats.
The various shapes, angles and colours were intended to confuse Enemy Submariners, peering through periscopes, making it hard for them to identify Ships and confuse their calculations about the target's speed and direction.
“Dazzle” camouflage was quickly phased out by The Navy after the end of The Second World War in 1945 and the improvement of radar and other technology.
Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Argus
with “Dazzle” camouflage during The First World War.
More than 2,000 British and Allied Ships received the livery before the end of The Great War. The camouflage scheme returned in the early stages of The Second World War until Japan's surrender in 1945.
The intention behind the geometric shapes was to make it difficult to visually assess the class, distance, position, and movement, of ships, and, most importantly, thereby making it difficult for an enemy to successfully target.
Funnels and Gun Turrets, positioned near each other, would be painted in contrasting colours to make it difficult to recognise a ship by its profile.
Tops of Gun Barrels would be painted in darker shades than the lower parts of the Gun Barrels.
Convoy Sloop HMS Saxifrage
in her “Dazzle” camouflage scheme.
She later became The Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Ship HMS President.
The colour White was usually used for Masts because the colour would blend in with the Sky.
The Decks of Ships were also painted, to offer disguise when the Ship was listing heavily (when it takes on water and tilts to one side).
HMS Tamar
has revived the Tradition with a new “Dazzle” paint job.
Picture Credit: Royal Navy.
Contemporary “Dazzle” camouflage.
The new Royal Navy Patrol Ship, HMS Tamar, recently received a “Dazzle” camouflage paint scheme, featuring various shades of Black, White, and Grey, in a number of shapes, ahead of her deployment to The Asia-Pacific region.
The Royal Navy said the decision to repaint HMS Tamar is a nod to the Navy's heritage, rather than an Operational move.
The “Dazzle” camouflage is set to be extended across the entire Batch 2 River-Class Patrol Ship Fleet.
HMS President (1918), one of the last remaining First World War Warships, underwent a “Dazzle” makeover in 2014 to mark the Centenary of The First World War.
The Vessel was originally deployed as a Submarine Hunter tracking down German U-boats and is permanently moored on The River Thames, near The Victoria Embankment in London.
In the same year, a replica “Dazzle” Ship was commissioned for Scotland and docked in Leith as part of a project commissioned by The Edinburgh Art Festival and the “14-18 NOW World War One” commemorations. Another was also commissioned in Liverpool.
Explanation:
* The Oxford English Dictionary defines “Painter”, as used in the Nautical Applications summarised in the above Title, as “a short Rope or Chain, by which the Shank of an Anchor is held fast to a Ship's side when not in use”, and “a Rope attached to the Bow of a (usually small) Boat, for tying it to a Ship, Quay, etc.
Pius, born at Bosco, in Lombardy, Italy, entered at the age of fourteen into The Order of Preachers (The Dominicans).
As Bishop, Cardinal and Pope (Introit, Epistle, Communion), he put to profit the talents entrusted to him by God (Gospel).
His Pontificate, although short, was one of the most glorious of the 16th-Century. Protestantism had proclaimed The Reformation and Islam threatened The West. To remedy the ills, under which Christendom groaned, Pope Saint Pius V enforced obedience to The Decrees of The Council of Trent, published a new edition of The Missal and Breviary, and obtained, by the Prayers he asked for, the glorious victory won by the Christian forces at Lepanto in 1571.
He instituted, on that occasion, The Feast of Our Lady of Victories, which became, later on, The Feast of The Most Holy Rosary.
He died on 5 May 1572, reciting The Hymn of Paschaltide.
Mass: Státuit.
The following Text is from Wikipedia.
Pope Saint Pius V (17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was Pope from 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572. He is Venerated as a Saint of The Roman Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in The Council of Trent, The Counter-Reformation, and the standardisation of The Roman Rite within The Latin Church.
As a Cardinal, Ghislieri gained a reputation for putting Orthodoxy before personalities, prosecuting eight French Bishops for Heresy. He also stood firm against nepotism, rebuking his predecessor, Pope Pius IV, to his face, when he wanted to make a thirteen-year-old member of his family a Cardinal and subsidise a nephew from The Papal Treasury.
In Affairs of State, Pius V excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England for schism and persecution of English Catholics during her reign. He also arranged the formation of The Holy League, an alliance of Catholic States. Although outnumbered, The Holy League famously defeated The Ottoman Empire, which had threatened to over-run Europe, at The Battle of Lepanto. His Holiness, Pope Saint Pius V, attributed the victory to the intercession of The Blessed Virgin Mary and instituted The Feast of Our Lady of Victories.
Born in Africa, Saint Monica married a pagan, whom she converted by her virtues. Having become a Widow, she devoted herself to her son, Augustine, whose mind was corrupted by the errors of Manicheism and his Soul by the dissolute manners of Rome.
"Night and day she Prayed" (Epistle) and "she shed for him more tears than other mothers shed over a coffin."
For, above all else, she was penetrated by The Fear of God (Introit), and she knew that, in order to obtain the resurrection of the Soul of her son, she had to sacrifice herself (Gospel). She atoned for the sins of Augustine.
"Could you, O Lord", so writes Augustine, "despise the contrite and humble heart of a chaste and mortified Widow ? Could you reject the tears of one who asked not for money, nor for any temporal thing, but only the Salvation of her son's Soul ?"
"God, in His Mercy, accepted the tears of Charity of Blessed Monica" (Collect), and these two Souls now share in the Joy (Communion) of Jesus, Risen Again.
Pope Saint Alexander I governed The Church under The Emperor Hadrian. He prescribed water to be mixed with the wine at Mass, on account of The Blood and Water that flowed from The Side of Jesus.
His name is inscribed in The Canon of The Mass (Second List). He was Martyred at the same time as the Priests Eventius and Theodulus, in 117 A.D., and their bodies rest in Rome, in the Church of Saint Sabina, where The Station is held on Ash Wednesday.
Saint Juvenal, Bishop of Narni, fell asleep on this day, in The Peace of The Risen Christ, towards 377 A.D.
Labarum of Constantine I (Vexilloid of The Roman Empire). Drawn after File:As-Constantine-XR RIC vII 019.jpg; The three dots represent three "medallions" or portraits that could not be rendered in detail on the coin, c.f. File:Konstantin den stores labarum, Nordisk familjebok.png c.f A. Macgeorge, Flags, Glasgow, 1881:"The Vexillium was a Standard composed of a square piece of cloth fastened to a cross bar at the top of a Spear, sometimes with a fringe all around, and sometimes fringed only below, or without a fringe, but draped at the sides, When placed over the General's tent, it was a sign for marching, or for battle. The Labarum of the Emperors was similar in form, and frequently bore upon it a representation of the Emperor, sometimes by himself and sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family. [...]"
After the victory gained by Emperor Constantine, by virtue of The Cross which appeared to him in the skies, and whose sign he reproduced in The Labarum, Saint Helena, his mother, went to Jerusalem to try to find The True Cross. At the beginning of the 2nd-Century A.D., Emperor Hadrian had covered Calvary and The Holy Sepulchre under a Terrace of 300 feet in length, on which had been erected a statue of Jupiter and a Temple of Venus.
Empress Helena razed them to the ground, and, in digging up the soil, they discovered The Nails from The Cross (Alleluia) and The Glorious Trophy to which we owe "Life, Salvation, and Resurrection" (Introit).
The miraculous cure of a woman authenticated The Sacred Tree (Collect).
Saint Helena divided into three the precious wood, which had been "worthy to bear The King of Heaven" (Alleluia), which had merely been figured by the cross on which the brazen serpent was raised. One part was deposited in Rome in the Church which, on this account, was called Holy Cross in Jerusalem, the second in Constantinople, and the third in Jerusalem.
This last Relic, having been carried off by the Persians and recovered by Heraclius, this Emperor solemnly brought it back to Jerusalem on 3 May, 628 A.D. Covered with Gold and Precious Stones, the Emperor suddenly felt himself held back by an invisible power.
At this sight, Zecharias, Bishop of Jerusalem, told him to imitate the poverty and humility of Jesus bearing His Cross. Heraclius thereupon covered his shoulders with a common cloak and, without further hindrance, went on his way (Breviary, 14 September).
Every Parish Priest Celebrates Mass for the people of his Parish.
Mass: Nos autem. Commemoration: At Low Mass, only. Of Saint Alexander and Companions. Creed: Is said. Preface: Of The Cross.
Pope Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, ☩ 1 December 1521) was Pope and Ruler of The Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death on 1 December 1521.[1]
Following the death of Pope Julius II, Giovanni was elected Pope after securing the backing of the younger members of The Sacred College. Early on in his Rule, he oversaw the closing sessions of The Fifth Council Of The Lateran, but struggled to implement the Reforms agreed. In 1517, he led a costly War that succeeded in securing his nephew as Duke of Urbino, but which reduced Papal Finances.
In Protestant circles, Pope Leo X is associated with granting Indulgences to those who donated to reconstruct Saint Peter's Basilica, a practice that was soon challenged by Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. Pope Leo X refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the demands of what would become The Protestant Reformation, and his Papal Bull of 1520, “Exsurge Domine”, condemned Martin Luther's condemnatory stance, rendering ongoing communication difficult.
He borrowed and spent money without circumspection and was a significant Patron of The Arts. Under his Reign, progress was made on the rebuilding of Saint Peter's Basilica and Artists, such as Raphael, decorated the Vatican rooms.
Pope Leo X also reorganised The Roman University, and promoted the study of literature, poetry and antiquities. He died in 1521 and is buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. He is the last Pope not to have been in Priestly Orders at the time of his Election to The Papacy.
Saint Athanasius, also known as Athanasius The Great and Athanasius The Confessor, was a Bishop and Doctor of The church. He is called the "Father of Orthodoxy," the "Pillar of The Church" and "Champion of Christ's Divinity."
Athanasius became Bishop, and Alexander of Alexandria’s Secretary, in 318 A.D., after being ordained a Deacon. Around 323 A.D., Arius, an ambitious Priest of The Alexandrian Church, denied The Divinity of Christ, and began spreading word that Jesus Christ was not truly Divine.
Athanasius was present during the great Church debate and stood alongside Alexander of Alexandria during the famous Council of Nicaea, where The Nicene Creed was adopted as The Creed of The Church. Five months later, Alexander died and Athanasius succeeded him after being unanimously elected. He was Consecrated as the new Bishop of Alexandria in 328 A.D., and continued the fight against Arianism.
Efforts to get Athanasius impeached began, and he was charged with various crimes. Even though he proved his innocence, Emperor Constantine commanded Athanasius to go to The Council of Tyre in 335 A.D. Athanasius was exiled for the first time. After returning to Alexandria, two and a half years later, his enemies continued to try to exile him. He was completely vindicated by a Synod called by Pope Julius I, but was unable to return home to Alexandria until the death of the new Cappadocian in 345 A.D.
English: Church of Saint Athanasius, Boboshevo, Bulgaria.
Български: Късносредновековна църква "Свети Атанасий" - гр.Бобошево.
In 353 A.D., Athanasius faced more condemnations by the Arians in the Councils at Arles, France, and again in 355 A.D., in Milan, Italy. The persecutions escalated to physical attacks until Athanasius escaped and hid in the desert with a group of Monks for six years. After returning to Alexandria in 361 A.D., he was exiled two more times until Emperor Valens permanently restored him in 364 A.D. Over the course of his life, Athanasius was banished five times and spent seventeen years of his life in exile for the defence of The Doctrine of Christ's Divinity.
He died on 2 May 373 A.D., in Alexandria, Egypt. He is a Patron Saint of Theologians, and Faithful Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians. To this day, Athanasius is hailed as a great Defender of The Faith. His Feast Day is Celebrated on 2 May.
The Church, still covered with the blood of her Martyrs, had, in the 5th-Century A.D., to sustain the dreadful assaults of heretics. Arius dared to despoil The Divine Redeemer of all His Glory as Son of God; to make of Him a simple creature only higher in Grace than others.
God then raised up Saint Athanasius: "He fills him with the Spirit of Wisdom" (Introit), and "anoints him as Bishop of Alexandria, with His Holy Oil" (Offertory), for, as an athlete off Christ, he had to Preach The Master's Truth, at the price of innumerable sacrifices (Epistle, Gospel).
In 325 A.D., Saint Athanasius was the herald of the illustrious assembly of the 318 Bishops who condemned Arius at The Council of Nices, proclaiming that Jesus was The Son consubstantial with The Father. That is why he is often represented with a symbol of The Trinity as an emblem.
He died in 373 A.D., and was proclaimed Doctor of The Church.
Let us, like Saint Athanasius, affirm The Divinity of Jesus Risen Again.
Mass: In médio Ecclésiae. Credo: Is said.
The following Text is from “The Liturgical Year”. By: Abbot Guéranger, O.S.B. Volume 8. Paschal Time. Book II. The Court of our Divine King, during this grandest of Seasons, is brilliant beyond measure; and, today, it is gladdened by the arrival of one of the most glorious champions that ever fought for His Holy Cause.
Among the guardians of The Word of Truth, confided by Jesus to the Earth, is there one more faithful than Athanasius ? Does not his very name remind us of dauntless courage in the defence of The Sacred Deposit, of heroic firmness and patience in suffering, of learning, of talent, of eloquence — in a word, of everything that goes to form a Saint, a Bishop, and a Doctor of The Church ?
Athanasius lived for The Son of God; the cause of The Son of God was that of Athanasius; he who Blessed Athanasius, Blessed The Eternal Word; and he who insulted Athanasius insulted The Eternal Word.
Never did our Holy Faith go through a greater ordeal than in the sad times immediately following The Peace of The Church, when the Barque of Saint Peter had to pass through the most furious storm that Hell has, so far, let loose against her.
Satan had vainly sought to drown The Christian Race in a sea of blood; The Sword of Persecution had grown blunt in the hands of Emperor Diocletian and Emperor Galerius; and The Cross appeared in the heavens, proclaiming The Triumph of Christianity.
Scarcely had The Church become aware of her victory, when she felt herself shaken to her very foundation. Hell sent upon the Earth a Heresy which threatened to blight the fruit of three hundred years of Martyrdom. Arius began his impious doctrine, that He, Who had, hitherto, been Adored as The Son of God, was only a creature, though the most perfect of all creatures. Immense was the number, even of the Clergy, that fell into this new error; the Emperors became abettors; and, had not God, Himself, interposed, men would soon have set up the cry throughout the World that the only result of the victory gained by The Christian Religion was to change the object of idolatry, and put a new idol, called Jesus, in place of the old ones.
But He, Who had promised the The Gates of Hell should never prevail against His Church, faithfully fulfilled His Promise. The primitive Faith triumphed; The Council of Nicæa proclaimed The Son to be Consubstantial with The Father; but The Church stood in need of a man in whom the cause of the Consubstantial Word should be, so to speak, incarnated — a man with learning enough to foil the artifices of Heresy, and with courage enough to bear every persecution without flinching.
This man was Athanasius: And everyone that Adores and Loves The Son of God, should love and honour Athanasius. Five times banished from his See of Alexandria by The Arians, who even sought to put him to death, he fled for protection to The West, which justly appreciated the glorious Confessor of Jesus' Divinity.
In return for the hospitality accorded him by Rome, Athanasius gave her of his treasures. Being the admirer and friend of the great Saint Antony, he was a fervent admirer of The Monastic Life, which, by The Grace of The Holy Ghost, had flourished so wonderfully in the deserts of his vast Patriarchate.
He brought the precious seed to Rome, and the first Monks seen there were the ones introduced by Athanasius. The heavenly plant became naturalised in its new soil; and, though its growth was slow at first, it, afterwards, produced fruit more abundantly than it had ever done in The East.
The Litany of Loreto is used to honour Mary, The Mother of God. The Litany recalls Mary's unique role in our salvation history as The Mother of Our Saviour and invokes various Titles for her as a way of honouring her and reminding us of the role she has played.
The Litany owes many of its Praises to The Greek Akathist Hymn, which was first translated into Latin in Venice around 800 A.D. The other Titles and Praises addressed to Mary are found extensively in the writings of The Early-Church Fathers of the first six Centuries A.D.
Over time, a number of Titles for Our Lady were removed and added to The Litany. Originally, The Litany had fifteen additional Titles, such as Our Lady of Humility, Mother of Mercy, Temple of The Spirit, Gate of Redemption, and Queen of Disciples. Recent history has seen the addition of five Titles. The last four Titles of The Litany, which refer to The Immaculate Conception, The Assumption, The Rosary, and Mary as The Queen of Peace, are of recent origin. The latest addition, Mother of The Church, was added by His Holiness Pope Saint John Paul II.
Most likely, The Litany was composed in or around Paris between the years 1150 and 1200. It gets its name from the Italian shrine (Loreto) where it was adopted in 1558. Pope Sixtus V approved its use in public Worship in 1587. The Litany is used especially during May Services, the month Traditionally Dedicated to The Blessed Virgin Mary. It is also used at Benediction, and some Congregations use it in The Divine Office. The Litany is approved for public use and carries a Partial Indulgence.
This Litany of The Blessed Virgin Mary (also called The Litany of Loreto) originated during The Middle Ages, but in a form that was still in the process of development. It was definitely approved for public use by Pope Sixtus V in 1587.
Like The Rosary, it is primarily an Act of Praise and Devotion to The Blessed Virgin. Its Titles and Invocations set before us Mary's exalted privileges, her Holiness of life, her amiability and power, her motherly care for her children for whom she continually intercedes.
The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia, unless otherwise stated.
The month of May Devotions to The Blessed Virgin Mary refer to special Marian Devotions held in The Catholic Church, during the month of May, honouring The Virgin Mary as "The Queen of May". These Services may take place inside or outside of a Church. A "May Crowning" is a Traditional Roman Catholic ritual that occurs in the month of May.
A number of Traditions link the month of May to The Blessed Virgin Mary. King Alfonso X of Castile, in the 13th-Century, wrote in his Cantigas de Santa Maria about the special honouring of The Blessed Virgin Mary during specific dates in May. Eventually, the entire month was filled with Special Observances and Devotions to The Blessed Virgin Mary.
The origin of the conventional May Devotion is still relatively unknown. Herbert Thurston identifies the 17th-Century as the earliest instance of the adoption of the custom of Consecrating the month of May to The Blessed Virgin by Special Observances. It is certain that this form of Marian Devotion began in Italy. Around 1739, witnesses speak of a particular form of Marian Devotion in May in Grezzano, near Verona. In 1747, the Archbishop of Genoa recommended the May Devotion as a Devotion for the home. Specific Prayers for them were promulgated in Rome in 1838.
According to Frederick Holweck, the May Devotion, in its present form, originated at Rome, where Father Latomia of The Roman College of The Society of Jesus, to counteract infidelity and immorality among the students, made a Vow at the end of the 18th-Century to devote the month of May to Our Blessed Virgin Mary.
From Rome, the practice spread to the other Jesuit Colleges and thence to nearly every Catholic Church of The Latin Rite. In Rome, Italy, by 1813 the May Devotions were held in as many as twenty Churches. From Italy, the May Devotions soon spread to France. In Belgium, the May Devotions, at least as a Private Devotion, were already known by 1803. The Tradition of honouring The Blessed Virgin Mary, in a month-long May Devotion, spread eventually around The Roman Catholic World in the 19th-Century, together with a month-long Devotion to Jesus in June and The Rosary in October.
The Litany of Loreto is used to honour Mary, The Mother of God. The Litany recalls Mary's unique role in our salvation history as The Mother of Our Saviour and invokes various Titles for her as a way of honouring her and reminding us of the role she has played.
The Litany owes many of its Praises to The Greek Akathist Hymn, which was first translated into Latin in Venice around 800 A.D. The other Titles and Praises addressed to Mary are found extensively in the writings of The Early-Church Fathers of the first six Centuries A.D.
Over time, a number of Titles for Our Lady were removed and added to The Litany. Originally, The Litany had fifteen additional Titles, such as Our Lady of Humility, Mother of Mercy, Temple of The Spirit, Gate of Redemption, and Queen of Disciples. Recent history has seen the addition of five Titles. The last four Titles of The Litany, which refer to The Immaculate Conception, The Assumption, The Rosary, and Mary as The Queen of Peace, are of recent origin. The latest addition, Mother of The Church, was added by Pope Saint John Paul II.
Most likely, The Litany was composed in or around Paris between the years 1150 and 1200. It gets its name from the Italian shrine (Loreto) where it was adopted in 1558. Pope Sixtus V approved its use in public Worship in 1587. The Litany is used especially during May Services, the month Traditionally Dedicated to The Blessed Virgin Mary. It is also used at Benediction, and some Congregations use it in The Divine Office. The Litany is approved for public use and carries a Partial Indulgence.
